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Mass 101 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is agenda-setting?

A

A media effects theory proposing that the media influence the topics people consider important by highlighting certain issues.

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2
Q

What is ARPAnet?

A

The original Internet, created by the Department of Defense to allow researchers to share computer processing time.

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3
Q

Define the Association Principle in advertising.

A

A persuasive advertising technique that associates a product with a positive cultural value or image that has little connection to the product itself.

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4
Q

What does CATV stand for?

A

Community Antenna Television

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5
Q

What is censorship?

A

The practice of suppressing or prohibiting material that is considered objectionable, often used by authorities to maintain power.

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6
Q

What does circulation refer to in publishing?

A

The number of copies of a magazine distributed.

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7
Q

What is a conflict of interest in journalism?

A

A situation where journalists may benefit personally from the stories they produce, compromising their neutrality.

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8
Q

What is content analysis?

A

A research method used to study specific media messages by systematically counting and coding aspects of the content.

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9
Q

Define cultural imperialism.

A

The dominance of American styles in media and culture throughout the globe, potentially burdening countries trying to produce their own cultural products.

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10
Q

What is the cultivation effect?

A

A media effects theory suggesting that heavy viewing of television leads individuals to perceive reality in ways consistent with television portrayals.

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11
Q

What is data mining?

A

The process of collecting and analyzing data from online user behavior to target advertising and personalize online experiences.

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12
Q

Define the digital divide.

A

The growing contrast between those who have access to information and communication technologies (information haves) and those who do not (information have-nots).

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13
Q

What is the role of the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)?

A

An organization that labels video games based on their sexual and violent content to guide consumer purchasing decisions.

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14
Q

What is fiber-optic cable?

A

A standard for rapidly transmitting communication data, significant in the development of the Internet.

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15
Q

Who are gatekeepers in mass communication?

A

Individuals or organizations (like editors or executive producers) who control the flow of messages in the linear model of mass communication.

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16
Q

What is the Golden Age of Radio?

A

A period roughly from the 1920s to the 1950s, characterized by diverse programming and radio’s central role in home entertainment.

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17
Q

What does HTML stand for?

A

Hypertext Markup Language

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18
Q

What is the hypodermic-needle model?

A

An early media effects theory suggesting that media messages are directly ‘shot’ into unsuspecting audiences, causing immediate and powerful effects.

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19
Q

What is interpretive journalism?

A

A style of journalism that aims to explain key issues and events by placing them in a broader historical and social context.

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20
Q

What is the inverted-pyramid style in journalism?

A

A journalistic writing style where the most important information (who, what, where, when) is presented at the beginning of the story, followed by less significant details.

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21
Q

What does ISP stand for?

A

Internet Service Provider

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22
Q

Define libel.

A

The defamation of character in written or broadcast form.

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23
Q

What is limited competition?

A

A market structure with many producers and sellers but only a few distinct products within a specific category.

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24
Q

What is the linear model of mass communication?

A

A traditional model that views mass communication as a one-way process from senders to receivers through a mass media channel, with gatekeepers influencing the message.

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25
What is media convergence?
The merging of different media forms and platforms, often seen with the internet's ability to deliver content traditionally found in newspapers, television, radio, and more.
26
Define media literacy.
A critical process involving description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement with mass media.
27
What are microprocessors?
Enabled the development of personal computers and signaled the Internet's marketability during the entrepreneurial stage.
28
What is the minimal-effects model?
A media effects theory suggesting that media have limited effects on audiences, who engage in selective exposure and retention.
29
Define monopoly.
A market structure where one firm dominates production and distribution in a particular industry.
30
Who are muckrakers?
Investigative journalists during the early 20th century who wrote in-depth articles about social and political corruption, published in magazines.
31
What are must-carry rules?
FCC rules that required cable operators to carry all local TV broadcasts.
32
What is narrative business in media?
The concept that media institutions and outlets are primarily in the business of telling stories to their audiences.
33
Define narrowcasting.
The practice of targeting media programming at specific niche audiences, common in cable television.
34
What is a newshole?
The space in a newspaper dedicated to news content, excluding advertising.
35
What are nickelodeons?
Early movie theaters, popular with new immigrants due to silent films overcoming language barriers.
36
What does objectivity in journalism mean?
The ideal of neutral observation and reporting of facts without bias.
37
Define oligopoly.
A market structure where a few firms dominate an industry.
38
What is payola?
The unethical practice of record promoters paying radio DJs to play specific songs.
39
What are penny papers?
Inexpensive newspapers made possible by technological advancements, which expanded readership and included local news and crime reporting.
40
What is photojournalism?
The use of photographs to tell a news story, a significant development in magazines in the mid-20th century.
41
What is the postmodern period?
The cultural period from the mid-twentieth century to today, characterized by populism, diversity, nostalgia, and paradox.
42
What is prior restraint?
The government's attempt to block speech or publication before it occurs, generally prohibited by the First Amendment.
43
What does production refer to in film?
The creation of the film itself.
44
What is a pseudo-event?
An event created solely to gain media coverage and attention.
45
Define psychographics.
A research method that studies the values, attitudes, and lifestyles of consumers to understand their purchasing behaviors.
46
What is public journalism?
A style of journalism that attempts to involve the public in the news process and improve civic life.
47
What does public relations (PR) entail?
The total communication strategy used by an individual, government, or organization to persuade an audience to adopt a particular point of view.
48
What is a public service announcement (PSA)?
A message in the public interest disseminated by the media without charge, typically from a non-profit organization, used in PR.
49
What is a rating in television?
A measure of television viewing based on the percentage of households tuned to a sampled program out of the total number of TV households.
50
What does rationalism emphasize?
Logic and reason.
51
Define readership.
An estimate of how many people read a single copy of a magazine, typically higher than circulation.
52
What is read/write culture on the Internet?
A shift on the internet where users are encouraged to create and share content, rather than just consume it.
53
What is selective exposure?
A minimal-effects theory concept where people tend to seek out and consume media messages that align with their existing beliefs and values.
54
Define selective retention.
A minimal-effects theory concept where people tend to remember media messages that are consistent with their existing beliefs and values.
55
Who are senders in the linear model of mass communication?
The authors, producers, and organizations who create media messages.
56
What is a share in television viewing?
A measure of television viewing based on the percentage of homes tuned to a program compared to the total number of homes using their televisions at that time.
57
What is situational ethics?
An ethical framework where decisions are made on a case-by-case basis, considering the specific circumstances.
58
What is the skyscraper model of culture?
A model that views culture as a hierarchy, with high culture at the top and low culture at the bottom.
59
Define slander.
The defamation of character in spoken form.
60
What is social learning theory?
A media effects theory suggesting that people learn behaviors by observing and imitating others, particularly through media portrayals.
61
What is a sound bite?
A short, often memorable, excerpt from a speech or interview, frequently used in news reporting.
62
What is spyware?
Software that secretly gathers information about a user's online activity and reports it to a third party, used in targeted advertising.
63
What is the studio system in film?
A historical model in the film industry where major studios controlled all aspects of production, distribution, and exhibition.
64
Define subliminal advertising.
Hidden or disguised messages embedded in advertisements, which research suggests are not more effective than regular ads.
65
What does synergy refer to in media?
The promotion and sale of different versions of a media product across the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate.
66
What is targeted advertising?
Advertising directed at specific consumer groups based on their demographics, psychographics, or online behavior.
67
What is the Telecommunications Act of 1996?
Legislation that significantly reduced ownership restrictions in various media industries, including radio.
68
What is a telegraph?
An early communication technology that transmitted messages over wires, important in media history for its speed and long-distance capabilities.
69
What is the third-person effect?
A media effects theory where people believe that media messages have a greater effect on others than they do on themselves.
70
What are trade books?
The largest segment of the book industry, including adult trade, juvenile trade, and comics/graphic novels.
71
What are transistors?
Technological innovation that made radio receivers portable and more accessible.
72
What is the uses and gratifications model?
A media effects theory that studies how people actively use media to satisfy their individual emotional or intellectual needs.
73
What does VALS stand for?
Values and Lifestyles
74
Define vertical integration in media.
In the media industry, control over all three levels of a business: production, distribution, and exhibition.
75
What is a video news release (VNR)?
A pre-produced news segment distributed by a public relations firm to news organizations, designed to look like a legitimate news report.
76
What was the War of the Worlds broadcast?
A 1938 radio drama by Orson Welles that caused panic among some listeners who believed the fictional alien invasion was real, highlighting radio's persuasive power.
77
What does wireless telegraphy refer to?
Early technology for transmitting signals without wires, a precursor to radio, developed by inventors like Guglielmo Marconi.
78
Define yellow journalism.
A sensationalistic and often exaggerated style of journalism popular in the late 19th century, characterized by dramatic stories and sometimes questionable ethics.

Mass 101 (1 decks)

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