Mass transport in animals

Question 1

how would you classify blood

Answer 1

tissue

Question 2

which type of cell is involved in the transport of gases

Answer 2

red blood cell (erythrocyte)

Question 3

red blood cell adaptations

Answer 3

• flexible plasma membrane
• selectively permeable
• contains haemoglobin
• no nucleus
• bi-concave structure

Question 4

Haemoglobin

Answer 4

transport of O 2
has a high affinity for oxygen

Question 5

what protein structure is haemoglobin?

Answer 5

quaternary structure

Question 6

what sort of protein is haemoglobin

Answer 6

conjugated protein

Question 7

what is haemoglobins prosthetic group

Answer 7

Fe 2+

Question 8

Oxygen transport

Answer 8

diffuses through the membrane of the red blood cell and combines with the haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
each of the four iron containing haem groups pick up a molecule of oxygen
this HbO 8 is transported to the tissues where O 2 is released

Question 9

oxygen dissociation curve
what factors need to be kept constant

Answer 9

blood volume, temp, pH, time, SA, pressure\, same persons blood

Question 10

oxygen dissociation curve
what does partial pressure (pp) of gas mean

Answer 10

concentration of gas when in mixtures

Question 11

where in the body will you find high O 2 pp

Answer 11

lungs

Question 12

where does carbon dioxide come from

Answer 12

cell respiration

Question 13

co-operative nature of oxygen binding

Answer 13

haemoglobin changes shape after the first oxygen attaches to the Fe 2+
this exposes the second group and allows faster uptake
repeats with the third and fourth

Question 14

the bohr effect

Answer 14

describes haemoglobin’s lower affinity for oxygen secondary to increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and/or decreased blood pH

Question 15

what effect does the removal of CO 2 have on the pH of the blood at gas exchange surface

Answer 15

• CO 2 is acidic when dissolved in blood so lowers the pH
• removal means the pH is slightly raised

Question 16

how does the removal of CO 2 affect the shape of haemoglobin

Answer 16

• enables it to load oxygen readily
• increases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen so it is nit released while being transported in the blood to the tissues

Question 17

What effect does CO 2 being produced have on the pH of the blood within the tissues

Answer 17

• CO 2 is acidic solution so pH of blood within tissues is lowered
• changes the shape of haemoglobin into one with lower affinity for oxygen
  haemoglobin releases its oxygen into the respiring tissues

Question 18

myoglobin

Answer 18

found in human muscles
acts as an O 2 store

Question 19

ODC right or left

Answer 19

O 2 conc is low = ODC moves to the left

organism has a high respiration rate = ODC moves to the right

Question 20

methods used to transport CO 2

Answer 20

• combined with amine groups in haemoglobin
• dissolved in plasma
• transported by red blood cells

Question 21

why do large organisms need a mass transport system

Answer 21

• the bigger an organism is the lower SA:volume ratio
• substances needed could not be supplied through exposed external surface
• many layers of underlying cells- oxygen would be used up getting through
• waste substances would not be excreted quickly enough

Question 22

list the main features of a mas transport system

Answer 22

1. suitable medium to carry substances
2. medium is moved in bulk over large distances
3. closed branching system
4. mechanism to move medium- requires pressure differences in the system

Question 23

how is the transport medium moved in animals

Answer 23

through blood vessels and with a pump

Question 24

how is the transport medium moved in plants

Answer 24

through xylem and phloem

Question 25

mass flow movement of substances

Answer 25

- together - same speed - same direction - large distances - due to pressure differences

Question 26

closed circulatory system

Answer 26

transport medium is enclosed in blood vessels

Question 27

open circulatory system

Answer 27

one in which there is a mixing of the blood and interstitial to make up the hemolymph

Question 28

double circulatory system

Answer 28

when blood passes through the heart twice in one circuit of the body

Question 29

advantages of a double circulatory system

Answer 29

1. oxygenated and deoxygenated blood cannot mix 2. gas exchange is maximised 3. separate circuits can operate at different pressures

Question 30

what blood vessel leaves from the left ventricle

Answer 30

aorta

Question 31

where does the aorta lead to

Answer 31

rest of the body

Question 32

what blood vessel leaves from the right ventricle

Answer 32

pulmonary artery

Question 33

where does the pulmonary artery lead to

Answer 33

lungs

Question 34

what blood vessel enters the right atrium

Answer 34

vena cava

Question 35

where does the vena cava lead from

Answer 35

rest of the body

Question 36

what blood vessel enters the left atrium

Answer 36

pulmonary vein

Question 37

where does the pulmonary vein lead from

Answer 37

lungs

Question 38

what blood vessels supply the heart with blood

Answer 38

coronary arteries

Question 39

what is the name of the blood vessel taking blood away from the kidneys

Answer 39

renal vein

Question 40

What is the heart covered on the outside by

Answer 40

Epithelial tissue- pericardium

Question 41

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker then that of the right ventricle

Answer 41

Left pumps blood all around the body More forceful contractions needed to produce higher pressure

Question 42

Why are the atria thin walled

Answer 42

Blood only needs to be pumped to the ventricules

Question 43

What is the role of the tendons

Answer 43

Prevent the atrioventricular valves turning inside out

Question 44

What is the role of the atrioventricular valves

Answer 44

Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria

Question 45

What is the role of semi lunar valves

Answer 45

Prevent backflow of blood from aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles

Question 46

Why are the chambers lined with endothelium

Answer 46

Reduces friction

Question 47

What type of muscle makes up the walls of the heart

Answer 47

Cardiac

Question 48

The cardiac cycle - one complete heartbeat

Answer 48

1. Diastole 2. Atrial systole 3. Ventricular systole

Question 49

What happens to the atrioventricular valves when the pressure in the ventricles is above that of the atria

Answer 49

Close

Question 50

What is the purpose of valves in the heart and circulatory system

Answer 50

To prevent the backflow of blood

Question 51

Types of valves

Answer 51

- atrioventricular valves - semi- lunar valves - pocket valves

Question 52

What will happen to the cardiac output if blood enters the circulation from reservoirs in the liver and spleen

Answer 52

Increase

Question 53

If the cardiac output increases what will happen to the blood pressure

Answer 53

Increase

Question 54

risk factor

Answer 54

any variable which increase the likelihood of developing the disease

Question 55

risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease

Answer 55

- smoking - high blood pressure - blood cholesterol - diet

Question 56

structures of arteries and veins

Answer 56

both have walls which consist of: - tough fibrous outer layer - muscle layer - elastic layer - endothelium

Question 57

endothelium

Answer 57

smooth so reduces resistance in blood flow

Question 58

elastic and muscle layers

Answer 58

thicker in the artery arteries must withstand greater blood pressure

Question 59

lumen

Answer 59

larger in the vein less resistance to blood flow helps to get blood back to the heart

Question 60

capillaries structure

Answer 60

sing;e layer of squamous endothelial cells lying on a basement membrane very leaky and therefore allow gas exchange of materials

Question 61

tough fibrous outer layer

Answer 61

resists pressure changes

Question 62

muscle layer

Answer 62

can contract and control blood flow

Question 63

elastic layer

Answer 63

stretch and recoil to help maintain blood pressure

Question 64

endothelium

Answer 64

smooth reduces friction only layer in capillaries capillary wall thin

Question 65

lumen

Answer 65

allows blood flow

Question 66

how does smooth muscle in arteriole walls reduce blood flow

Answer 66

muscles contract to narrow lumen and restrict blood flow (vasoconstruction)

Question 67

how does elastic tissue even out the pressure throughout the blood vessel

Answer 67

stretches when blood pressure is high, so blood pressure is reduced recoils when blood pressure is low, increasing pressure

Question 68

what role does muscle contraction play in blood movement within veins

Answer 68

muscle contracts, vein is squeezed, blood is forced back toward the heart

Question 69

how does the breathing mechanism aid the return of blood yo the heart

Answer 69

volume of thoracic cavity increases, pressure decreases, blood flows from higher to slightly lower pressure

Question 71

blood

Answer 71

cells suspended in plasma

Question 72

plasma

Answer 72

mostly water 95% contains dissolved proteins, ions, glucose, O 2 and other substances

Question 73

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 73

pressure of a liquid

Question 74

ultrafiltration

Answer 74

small molecules and ions are forced out of the blood capillaries due to high pressure

Question 75

tissue fluid

Answer 75

fluid that surrounds the cells of the the body composition is similar to blood plasma, it lacks proteins and blood cells supplies nutrients to cells and removes waste products

Question 76

capillary beds are referred to as exchange surfaces why are they called this

Answer 76

exchange of metabolic materials between blood and body cells occurs here

Question 77

why is it that the diameter of the capillary lumen is only slightly wider then the diameter red blood cells

Answer 77

reduces diffusion distance as red blood cell in contact with capillary wall slows down blood flow- more time for diffusion of gases

Question 78

what is the role of lymph vessels

Answer 78

collects excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood blood stream

Question 79

continuous capillaries

Answer 79

have uninterrupted endothelium

Question 80

fenestrated capillaries

Answer 80

have circular pores or fenestrae