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Organisms Exchange Substances With Their Environment > Mass Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Mass Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

-A group of chemically similar molecules found in different organisms
-it is a protein with a quaternary structure and it carry’s oxygen in red blood cells

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2
Q

What is an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

It shows how oxygen is loaded in regions with high partial pressure of oxygen(alveoli) and is unloaded in regions with low partial pressure(respiring tissues)
At the different partial pressures,The more saturated it is-it shows that it has loaded up with more oxygen

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3
Q

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve also shows co operative binding
What is co operative binding

A

-the cooperative nature of oxygen binding to haemoglobin is due to the haemoglobin changing shape of its quaternary structure when the first oxygen binds
-this makes it easier further oxygens to bind

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4
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

Haemoglobin’s oxygen binding affinity is inversely proportional to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood

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5
Q

Describe the bohr effect

A

It is when high carbon dioxide concentration causes the oxyhaemoglobin curve to shift to the right
The affinity of oxygen decreases because the acidic carbon dioxide changes the shape of haemoglobin slightly

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6
Q

Describe the Bohr effect at low partial pressure of carbon dioxide In the alveoli

A

Curve Shifts to the left, increased affinity and therefore uploads more oxygen

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7
Q

Describe the Bohr effect at high partial pressure of carbon dioxide at respiring tissues

A

Curve shift to right,decreased affinity and therefore unloads more oxygen

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8
Q

Many different animals are adapted to their environment to transport oxygen
Explain how

A

They possess different types of haemoglobin with different affinity’s for oxygen that has adapted to their environment

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9
Q

Humans have a what so blood passes through the heart twice in each circuit where one circuit delivers blood to the lungs and another to the rest of the body

A

A double circulatory system

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10
Q

What are the arteries and veins in the heart and function

A

Hearts Arteries
-pulmonary artery,-taking deoxygenated blood to lungs
aorta-sending oxygenated blood to the body
Hearts veins
-pulmonary vein-receiving oxygenated blood from lungs
-vena cava-receiving deoxygenated blood from the body

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11
Q

What are the 2 main artery and vein involved with the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

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12
Q

What is the 2 artery and vein involved with the kidneys and function

A

Renal artery=takes blood to the kidneys
Renal vein=takes blood away from the kidneys

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13
Q

What is a coronary artery

A

The supply the cardiac muscle on the heart with oxygenated blood

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14
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium and left atrium, at the top
Left ventricle and right ventricle at the bottom

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15
Q

What is the structure of the atria and how does it relate to its function

A

Thinner muscular walls as they don’t need to contract as hard as they don’t pumping blood to far
Elastic walls to stretch when blood enters

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16
Q

What is the structure of ventricles and how it relates to its function

A

-thicker muscular walls to enable contraction
This creates high blood pressure to enable blood to flow longer distances

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17
Q

Describe how blood is travelled round the heart by the 4 main blood vessels-hint veins=atrium

A

-pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to become oxygenated
-pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs To the heart to the left atrium
-aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
-vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium

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18
Q

What is the valve In the aorta and pulmonary artery

A

Semi lunar valve

19
Q

What are the valves between atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves

20
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves found In the right and left side

A

Right side=tricuspid
Left side=bicuspid

21
Q

What is the function of valves

A

-they open when the pressure is higher behind the valve
-they close when the pressure is higher in front of the valve
-prevent back flow of blood

22
Q

What is the function of the septum

A

-separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
-it maintains high concentration of oxygen in oxygenated blood to maintain concentration gradient

23
Q

Describe the structure of the arteries

A

Thick muscle walls to control volume of blood and maintain pressure by preventing vessels bursting
Thick elastic tissue maintain high blood pressure
Smooth muscle tissue to maintain high pressures

24
Q

Describe the structure of the veins

A

-thin walls so it can not control the blood flow and allows vessels to be easily flattered to help the flow of blood
- thin elastic and muscle tissue as the pressure is lower
-larger lumen

25
Q

Describe the structure and function is the arterioles

A

-they are smaller that deliver blood to capillaries
-very thick muscle walls to help restrict blood flow into the capillaries
-thin elastic layer as the pressure a lower
-thin walls as pressure is lower
-muscle can contract narrowing lumen and arteriole restricting blood flow into the capillaries

26
Q

Describe the capillary structure and how that is important to its function

A

-capillaries form capillary beds at exchange surfaces which are many branched capillaries which have a narrow diameter to slow blood flow
-they only allow one red blood cell to flow through and are squashed against the wall to maximise diffusion
-made up of one layer of endothelial cells creating a short diffusion pathway for exchanging material between blood and cells

27
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

-diastole
-atrial systole
-ventricular systole

28
Q

Describe the diastole stage of the cardiac cycle

A

-both atria and ventricles relax
-blood enters via the pulmonary vein and vena Cava
-semi lunar valves forced shut by pressure
-pressure increases in the atria as blood is flowing in

29
Q

Describe the atrial systole stage

A

-atria muscle walls contract decreasing the volume but increasing pressure
-causes atrioventricular valves to open and blood to flow into the ventricles
-ventricular muscles are relaxed

30
Q

Describe the ventricular systole stage

A

-atria is relaxed and walls of ventricles contract increasing pressure
-as pressure rises atrioventricular valves close to prevent back flow
- semi lunar valves open and blood is pushed out the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta

31
Q

What is the equation of the cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

32
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

A fluid containing water and oxygen ad other small molecules that leaves the blood plasma and bathes the tissues

33
Q

How is tissue fluid formed and describe and explain how water re enters capillary

A

Capillaries have small gaps in the walls so water and small molecules are forced out
-so as blood enters the capillary bed the smaller diameter results in a high hydrostatic pressure so water oxygen and other molecules forced out
Water
-more fluid is lost increasing concentration of plasma proteins so water potential is lower in capillaries so water re enters capillaries via osmosis

34
Q

Not all the tissue fluid is absorbed by osmosis
Where doe the rest the tissue fluid go

A

Into the lymphatic system and eventually drains back into the bloodstream near the heart

35
Q

Give the pathway a red blood cell takes when travelling in the human circulatory system from a kidney to the lungs.

A

renal vein Travels blood away from kidneys to the vena cava to the right atrium
-blood travels from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery to lungs

36
Q

Tissue fluid is formed from blood at the arteriole end of a capillary bed.
Explain how water from tissue fluid is returned to the circulatory system.

A

-plasma proteins remain
-creates water potential potential gradient and reduces water potential of blood
-water moves to blood by osmosis and returns to blood by lymphatic system

37
Q

Explain how an arteriole can reduce the blood flow into capillaries

A

-muscle contracts
-narrows arteriole and lumen

38
Q

Describe the advantage of the Bohr effect during intense exercise.

A

-increases dissociation of oxygen therefore more unloading of oxygen
-for aerobic respiration at the muscles

39
Q

Describe and explain the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin.

A

-more dissociation of oxygen therefore more unloading of oxygen
-by decreasing blood PH

40
Q

Explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid.

A

-the ventricle muscles of heart contracts producing high blood pressure at capillaries
-creates high hydrostatic pressure at the capillary bed forcing water and dissolved substances out

41
Q

What does it mean where the partial pressure of oxygen is high or low shown on a oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

-high-haemoglobin has A higher affinity for oxygen so more oxygen is loaded so binds to it more therefore high saturation of oxygen
-low-haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen so oxygen is unloaded (released)rather then loaded (combined) with haemoglobin so has a low saturation with oxygen

42
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide concentration affects oxygen unloading shown on the Bohr effect

A

-at high partial pressure of carbon dioxide haemoglobin unloads more oxygen
-increasing oxygen unloading
- oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to right
-lower saturation of oxygen so more is released

43
Q

What is the affinity if oxygen of organisms that live in environments with low and high concentration of oxygen and explain the dissociation curve

A

Low concentration of oxygen-Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen so dissociation curve shifts to the left
High concentration of oxygen - haemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen as higher oxygen demand so dissociation curve shifts to right

Organisms Exchange Substances With Their Environment (5 decks)

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