Master Planning Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
site analysis: first step in site analysis is gathering physical data What are they?
A
(surveying): boundary lines, north and scale, benchmarks, easements, roads and ROW, bldgs positions, utilities, bodies of water, natural areas to preserve, topography, etc.
2
Q
Site design determinants:
A
o areas of steep to moderate slope o macro and micro climate conditions o solar energy considerations o potential flood zones o possible road access o natural areas to preserve o wildlife habitat o soil conditions o geological considerations o exceptional views o adjacent land uses o noise sources
3
Q
Important environmental considerations:
A
o air movement
o sun and shadow patterns
o reflections
4
Q
Urban contextual analysis
A
o Building typologies and hierarchy o Regional character o City form o Building scale o Building transition o Views
5
Q
Environmental site analysis
A
o Slope o Soil patterns o Vegetation o Wildlife o Geology o Surface and subsurface water o Climate
6
Q
The purpose of site analysis are to?
A
Gather data for preliminary planning, evaluate the site for compatibility with the proposed project or use, recognize concerns requiring additional study, and form an understanding of the administrative requirements of the project such as required permits and approvals.
7
Q
Site analyses are conducted in two steps:
A
a proposal phase to facilitate winning the work and a post contract phase.
8
Q
Site characterization is
A
A more detail investigation that is usually undertaken after some degree of preliminary site planning. Generally includes a geotechnical analysis of subsurface conditions such as depth to bedrock, depth to groundwater, seasonal high water table, and specific soil test.
9
Q
First consideration of the site analysis
A
Is to locate the site. It refers to the project relationship with the community, concerning about visibility, access and traffic.
10
Q
Preliminary site assessments
A
Are based on existing sources of information or first-hand observation.
11
Q
Topography
A
May dictate the purposes for which the site may be used. The nature of the material making up the slope is also important.
12
Q
Slope analysis
A
Is done to identify the areas of steep slope and the possible location for buildings sites and access; is usually a graphic representation of slope shown in classes or ranges.
13
Q
Site analysis is the foundation of the plan
A
It will provide the framework from with the planning and design is developed.
14
Q
Aerial photogrammetry:
A
Provides an accurate mapping of topographic and physiographic features using low-level and aerial photography. The topography is interpolated from limited topographic data collected on the ground. May be less expensive than traditional field topographic methods. Collected during winter months.
15
Q
Historical aerial photography:
A
Inexpensive and valuable source of information. Enlarged photos reveal site features not clearly visible at ground level such as drainage patterns, sinkholes and remains of historic structures. Helpful in presenting site analysis data to those who may not be comfortable reading plans.
16
Q
Soil descriptions include:
A
Info on slope, depth to bedrock, soil texture, erodibility, rock and drainage characteristics.
17
Q
Land development regulations
A
Typically include requirements for local street design, open space, lighting, subdivision standards, minimum landscaping, and similar development parameters.
18
Q
Local officials may have the authority to ___ or ___ iof the land development ordinance on a case by case basis.
A
wave or modify provisions
19
Q
Zoning regulations are
A
enforceable and cannot be waved without justification and a formal hearing process. May contain design criteria such as parking configuration, lot sizes, setbacks, road width, road profile restrictions, and sign requirements.
20
Q
Zoning dictates the following 4
A
permitted uses, density, minimum lot sizes and open space.
21
Q
Historical value:
A
sources of information include local and state historical agencies and societies, local government records, maps and libraries. Some local historic values are not documented and are unwritten and informal.
22
Q
Offsite considerations:
A
traffic issues, local flood, storm water concerns, infrastructure issues.
23
Q
The phase I ESA
A
Is designed to be an overview of a site involves no collection or testing of samples and is limited to information already available through public sources, interviews or firsthand observation.
o Sources used to determine the history of the site and surrounding areas: aerial photographs, local historic maps, and historic USGS topo maps, fire insurance maps, tax files, local records, interviews, fifty-year chain of tittle.
24
Q
Site Analysis and assessment: Determining if you have selected the best site for your project.
A
o The most environmentally sound development is one that disturbs as little as possible. Building projects also require connections to mass transit, vehicular infrastructure, and utility and telecommunications networks.
o Building characteristics, orientation and placement should be considered in relation to the site so that proper drainage system, circulation patterns, landscape design, and other site-development features can be determined.
25
Data typically collected and analyzed for the site:
o Climate zone characteristics, geographical latitude and solar access, wind patterns, topography, soil characteristics, groundwater and surface runoff, vegetation, adjacent land uses, circulation, utility infrastructure.
o Sites located within or adjacent to existing development allow for the most efficient and cost effective extension of utilities.
26
Building orientation:
o Site clearing and planting to take advantage of solar access.
o Orient the building to take advantage of solar energy.
o Provide north-wall design that minimizes heat loss.
o Provide entrance orientation that maximizes safety, easy of access and protection from the elements.
o Minimize solar shadows. (adjacent building shadow)
27
Strategies to modify the site’s microclimate:
o Existing water sources and landforms can be used to create winter heat sinks in cold climates, and temperature differentials for cooling air movement in hot climates. Water sources can be used for cooling effect.
o Vegetation can be used to provide shade in summer and wind protection in the winter.
o Access roads, planting, grading and ancillary structures should be designed to channel wind toward main buildings for cooling or away from them to reduce heat loss.
o Introduce structure and planting to provide shelter from harsh elements and highlight desirable features.
28
Selected design and construction techniques to encourage energy conservation:
o Planted wind screens require multi-row pattern.
o Grade to divert water, winds and cold moist air.
o Structures take up less space and are useful in arid zones.
o Porous pavements and earth cover allows infiltration.
o Wet soil is highly conductive of and is best drained.
o Walls may be used to create micro-climates and to channel air movements.
o Special wall design, glass and overhangs can help adapt to climate.
29
Hot arid regions strategies:
o Use moisture covering plants.
o Prevent heat build-up on structures (thick walls)
o Deflect hot winds with walls, screens and earthwork.
o Trap cool air for convection.
o Use walls to create microclimate courts.
o Use pergolas and trellis
o Use large overhang for winter sun.
o Avoid large exposed glass.
o Avoid large absorbing materials
o Position structures to benefit from diurnal air currents.
30
Hot humid regions strategies:
o Maximize breeze with high canopy and loose open planting
o Avoid tall solid walls that block winds
o Seek high ground or rising slope with prevailing winds
o Avoid topographical depressions
o Use large overhangs (east and west)
o Covered pergolas
o Avoid excessive earth mounting (trap moist)
o Use high sealing and vent all roof system
31
Temperate and cold region strategies:
o Promote solar gain in winter season
o Seek southern slope (se or sw 5-15%)
o Block wind chill with mixed deciduous and coniferous plants
o Maintain openings for cooling summer breezes
o Provide afternoon shade with deciduous trees
o Use garage, earth and planting to divert sever NE or NW winter winds
o Provide architectural entry lock to block air infiltration in winter
o Grade and plant for cold air drainage around structure
o Earth sheltered architecture is useful in these regions
o Drain all backfill soils and insulate perimeter foundation walls
o Avoid northern entrances both for the site and architecture
o Cold climate siting benefits from steeper slops, up to 20%, and orientation to the southwest for increased solar receipt potential.
32
Site selection guidelines:
reduce consumption, eliminate waste, nurture healthy ecosystems and connect with nature.
33
Brownfields:
contaminated sites. Reinvesting in the site increase local tax bases, facilitate job growth reduce public health risk, remediate sites, etc.
34
Urban infill:
vacant sites. Revitalize neighborhoods, remove safety hazards, preserving greenfields, reduce urban sprawl and vehicle mile travel, energy conservation and air quality benefits.
35
Grayfields:
abandoned retail or commercial sites: large commercial space, large spaces within the community, close to public transit, increase economy and build local tax base.
36
Greenfields:
undeveloped areas: provide ecosystem, clean water, habitat and cultural identity. Avoid development, preserve this land.
37
Prime farmland:
Land that has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is also available for these uses. It has the soil quality, growing season, and moisture supply needed to produce economically sustained high yields of crops when treated and managed according to acceptable farming methods, including water management. In general, prime farmlands have an adequate and dependable water supply from precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no rocks. They are permeable to water and air. Prime farmlands are not excessively erodible or saturated with water for a long period of time, and they either do not flood frequently or are protected from flooding.[SSM, USDA Handbook No. 18, October 1993]
38
Floodplains:
provide valuable ecosystem services, developing these areas increase flooding and loss of ecosystem.
39
When the context of a site is not well understood
design decisions can lead to damaging environmental, social, and economic outcomes.
40
Site inventories communicate and map the
physical, biological and cultural components of a site and surrounding areas.
41
Site inventory: Regional Context
Research community plans and zoning codes, determinate the importance of the site, identify potential damages, reduce the risk and impact of natural disasters, etc.
42
Site inventory & analysis: Climate and energy:
o Determinate annual precipitation, identify conditions that provide opportunity, consider the effect of existing vegetation, topography and structure, study sun path, research prevailing winds, identify heat surface or cool areas such as water bodies.
o Understanding the microclimate allows the creation of site conditions that increase user comfort and reduce building energy use.
43
Site inventory: Hydrology:
o Must study site topography, estimate the volume of rainwater, map 100 year floodplain, map existing water bodies, delineate wetlands, identify potential water pollution sources, use aerial photos or site maps, etc.
44
Site inventory: Soils:
o Research the site geology and subsoil conditions, determinate soil type characteristics such as texture, bulk density, ph, infiltration, drainage, erosion potential and depth. Determinate if the soil is categorize as prime farmland, if so, avoid developing this area.
o Geology influences a site’s sustainability for excavation, grading, wastewater disposal, stormwater management, pond construction, etc.
45
Site inventory: Vegetation:
Identify vegetative communities, habitat, endanger species. Survey existing site vegetation, incorporate existing vegetation to the site, look for opportunities to minimize disturbance.
46
Site inventory: Materials:
o Identify existing buildings and landscape materials. Identify locally sourced materials, reuse existing materials, and explore opportunities to reuse or recycle materials.
47
Site inventory: Cultural inventory:
Research the site’s history and prior uses, determinate the location of existing public infrastructure, document existing site usage, identify and map historical uses, map characteristic site features.
48
Framework Plan Goals:
o Set out the future vision for the area
o Guide sustainable future growth and development over the next 30 years
o Identify the steps needed to manage growth
o Define key projects and infrastructure required to support growth
o Provide an improved and more certain environment for making both public and private investment decisions.
o. A key aim of this planning is to create diverse, compact and well-connected communities that are affordable and rich in local jobs, transport access, services and culture.
49
Framework Plan elements:
o Land Use: Districts and Neighborhoods
o Open Space: Formal Open Space, Informal Open Space, Edges, Boundaries, Gateways, and Portals
o Landscape
o Transportation and Circulation: Pedestrian Circulation, Bicycle Circulation, Public Transit, Vehicle Circulation, Parking
o Architecture
o Housing
o Sustainability
50
Plans are used when making decisions concerning:
The future of an area or of a specific topic under consideration.
51
Specific applications of plans include (individual, government, economic, growth):
o Providing residents, local officials, and others with an interest in the area with an overview and projection of development and conservation in the planning area, along with a summary of trends and forecasts.
o Serving as the basis for the local government enacting and administering regulatory measures, such as zoning and subdivision laws, and establishing urban growth boundaries.
o Serving as the basis for making budget allocations for capital improvements, such as parks, utility systems, and streets.
o Serving as the basis for many other public programs, such as those relating to growth management, historic preservation, economic development, transportation systems, and open-space preservation.
52
An essential first step of any planning effort is to
Determine the plan’s content, format, and process.
The degree to which a planner crafts a plan to meet the unique needs of a situation, time, and place will determine whether a plan results in positive outcomes in the real world.
53
Require components for a plan document:
o A statement of authority to prepare and adopt plan
o Background data, including area history, existing conditions and trends, and data projections
o Documentation of stakeholder interests and stakeholder involvement process
o A vision statement or statement of goals and objectives for future conditions
o An evaluation of plan and design alternatives
o A program of implementation
54
Plan Elements - Examples for Comprehensive Plan
The elements that must be included depend upon the plan’s purpose.
For a comprehensive plan, the land use, transportation, housing, and community facilities elements are considered essential—they form the foundation of the comprehensive plan. Other elements are added as considered to be appropriate, based on the plan’s scope and as required by state law.
55
Types of Plans - Examples
economic development, historic preservation, natural hazards, farmland preservation, parks, recreation, and open space, urban design.
56
TYPICAL DATA NEEDS FOR PLAN PREPARATION
| o MAPS AND IMAGES
Base maps
Aerial photographs
GIS map layers
57
TYPICAL DATA NEEDED FOR PLAN PREPARATION
| o NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ELEMENTS
```
Climate
Topography
Soils
Vegetation
Water features
Habitat areas
Natural hazards
```
58
TYPICAL DATA NEEDS FOR PLAN PREPARATION
| o EXISTING LAND USES TYPS
```
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Open-space lands
Vacant urban lands
Farmlands
```
59
TYPICAL DATA NEEDS FOR PLAN PREPARATION
| o HOUSING
Inventory of housing
Housing condition
Vacancy rate
Affordability
60
TYPICAL DATA NEEDS FOR PLAN PREPARATION
| o TRANSPORTATION
```
Street network
Street capacity
Traffic flow volumes
Parking supply and demand
Transit facilities by mode
Bicycle networks
Pedestrian networks
```
61
TYPICAL DATA NEEDS FOR PLAN PREPARATION
| o PUBLIC UTILITIES:
```
Water supply
Wastewater disposal
Stormwater management
Solid waste management
Telecommunication services
```
62
TYPICAL DATA NEEDS FOR PLAN PREPARATION
| o COMMUNITY SERVICES
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Administrative centers
Education facilities
Parks and recreation facilities
Health services
Public safety facilities
```
63
TYPICAL DATA NEEDS FOR PLAN PREPARATION
| o POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT
```
Population size
Population characteristics
Vital statistics
Labor force characteristics
LOCAL ECONOMY
Employment
Retail sales
Cost of living
```
64
TYPICAL DATA NEEDS FOR PLAN PREPARATION
| o SPECIAL TOPICS
Historic sites and buildings
Archaeological sites
Urban design features
Existing zoning
65
Urban Design Plans
Focuses on design of the public realm, which is Created by both public spaces and the buildings that define them.
66
Urban Design Plans - Elements
the plan itself
the preparation of design guidelines for buildings
the design of the public realm—the open space
streets
sidewalks
plazas between and around buildings
the “public interest” issues of buildings
67
Urban Design Plans - Issues to be considered (urban design) include:
```
existing development
proposed development
utility infrastructure
streets framework
open space framework
environmental framework
sustainable development principles.
```
Urban design plans require interdisciplinary collaboration among urban designers, architects, landscape architects, planners, civil and environmental engineers, and market analysts.
68
Urban designers are often asked to provide:
A vision for communities to attract investment and coordinate many disparate and even discordant interests. Must also include a strategic implementation plan, with both short- and long-range initiatives.
69
Urban Design Plans - Purpose
To illustrate how a site is linked to surrounding strengths, and it can show how the site can become a great location.
70
Urban Design Plans - Team
urban designers, architects, planners, and landscape architects. However, other disciplines are usually required, such as transportation planners and engineers, civil and environmental engineers, residential and commercial market analysts, construction cost consultants, and public/private finance consultants. When such a team has been assembled, the individual consultants should be coordinated so that their expertise permeates the planning process from beginning to end.
71
Stakeholders can be broadly classified into four categories.
o First, there are people who are representative of a certain sector of society.
o Second, there are individuals who represent organized interests, which can range from an informally organized neighborhood coalition to a formally organized nonprofit interest group. Such an individual is expected to represent the views of the organization.
o Third, there are those who represent government organizations, such as city departments and state agencies.
o Finally, there are elected officials who are formally voted upon as representatives. Their elected position gives them a unique status because they are accountable to the public for their decisions.
72
Implementation and Phasing Plan - Definition
The implementation section details the mechanisms to make the plan a reality. Among the tools typically included are public and private partnerships, funding sources, regulatory issues, conceptual budgets, and a phasing plan with early action and long-range projects described.
73
In urban planning, land-use planning seeks to:
Order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land-use conflicts.
Governments use land-use planning to manage the development of land within their jurisdictions. In doing so, the governmental unit can plan for the needs of the community while safeguarding natural resources. To this end, it is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options.
Often one element of a comprehensive plan, a land-use plan provides a vision for the future possibilities of development in neighborhoods, districts, cities, or any defined planning area.
74
Regional plans - Definition
Covers geographic areas transcending the boundaries of individual governmental units but sharing common characteristics that may be social, economic, political, cultural, natural - resource - based, or defined by transportation. They often serve as the skeleton or framework for local government plans and special district plans, supplying unifying assumptions, forecasts, and strategies.
75
Neighborhood plan - Goal
Is intended to provide more detailed goals, policies, and guidelines than those in the local comprehensive plan. Neighborhood plans often emphasize potential partnerships among government agencies, community groups, school boards, and the private sector—partnerships that can act to achieve neighborhood goals.
76
Neighborhood plans - Content
land-use patterns in more detail than do comprehensive plans. They may even approach the specificity required for amendments to a zoning district map or street classification system. These plans also often propose a program of implementation shorter in duration than is proposed in a comprehensive plan. For an established neighborhood, the plan may emphasize issues that can be addressed in one to two years.
77
Comprehensive plan - Definition
Adopted official statement of a local government’s legislative body for future development and conservation.
- It sets forth goals;
- analyzes existing conditions and trends;
- describes and illustrates a vision for the physical, social, and economic characteristics of the community in the years ahead;
- outlines policies and guidelines intended to implement that vision.
78
Comprehensive plan - Land-use element
Show the general distribution, location, and characteristics of current and future land uses and urban form. In the past, comprehensive plans included color-coded maps showing exclusive land-use categories, such as residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, community facilities, open space, recreational, and agricultural uses.
79
FIESTIBILITY STUDY:
Marketing A project’s feasibility is directly related to the effectiveness of its marketing program. The character and quality of its address is one factor in how successfully a development can capture the market potential of an area. The products of an urban design project are often used in marketing programs to communicate the new image of the place and to promote the development.
80
Neighborhood plan - Definition:
Provide more detailed goals, policies, and guidelines than those in the local comprehensive plan.
Neighborhood plans often emphasize potential partnerships among government agencies, community groups, school boards, and the private sector—partnerships that can act to achieve neighborhood goals.
These plans are often developed through highly collaborative processes involving citizens, business, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the local government of the neighborhood. Neighborhood plans describe land-use patterns in more detail than do comprehensive plans.
81
Neighborhood plan- Transportation:
elements in neighborhood plans often identify specific circulation problems at intersections and street corners.
Plans can include recommendations for improving sidewalks, reducing vehicles or vehicle speed, creating bicycle lanes, and improving access to transit.
Transportation elements and policies should promote the connection and flow of all transportation forms to serve people of all ages and abilities.
82
Transportation Plan - Definition
Guides the investment in, timing of, improvements to the transportation network to meet community mobility, accessibility, safety, economic, and quality-of-life needs.
83
Transportation plans - Purpose
```
o Management of existing systems
o Maintenance of previous investment
o Realignment of existing services
o Introduction of new services
o Construction of new facilities
o Identification of ways to finance system
o maintenance and improvements
```
84
Transportation plans - Four basic types
* Statewide transportation plans
* Metropolitan area long-range transportation plans
* Local transportation plans
* Corridor plans
85
CORRIDOR PLANS
Focus on transportation are prepared for high-priority areas showing signs of congestion or predicted for significant future travel volume, or for transportation facilities of historical or natural significance. The entity responsible for implementing the improvements most frequently prepares these plans; therefore, state DOTs and transit providers often undertake them, although MPOs, local governments, and resource agencies such as the National Park Service also conduct such studies. Coordination of corridor plans with the general public is required, as well as with federal, state, and local agencies with an interest in the plan’s outcome.
Corridor plans usually have a 20-year planning horizon.
The degree of federal or state DOT participation is often governed by the proposed funding for the plan’s implementation.
86
Transportation Plans - Elements:
* An overview of the planning process
* A description of existing conditions (transportation network and land use)
* A forecast of future conditions (transportation network and land use)
* A summary of transportation needs
* Goals and objectives
* An assessment of transportation system capacity
* A series of alternative scenarios for future and proposed improvements
* A description of cost implications and funding sources
* Guidelines for implementation and performance monitoring
* A program for ensuring public involvement
87
Parks and Open Space Plan - Definition
A parks and open-space plan outlines a systematic approach to providing parks and recreation services to a community. Parks and open-space resources within a community include environmental, recreational, scenic, cultural, historic, and urban design elements. Planning for parks and open space takes place at national, state, and local levels.
88
Parks and Open Space Plan - Objectives
* protection of natural resources and biodiversity;
* creation of places for recreation;
* support for economic development opportunities;
* development of neighborhood gathering places;
* promotion of public health benefits;
* creation of civic and cultural infrastructure; and
* shaping patterns of development through open spaces.
89
Park Systems - Design Guidelines
The guidelines help create an aesthetic and natural resource management standard for park development while visually connecting the park with its surroundings.
• park siting;
• pedestrian, vehicular, and transit access;
• utilities;
• site furnishings such as fencing, seating, and playground equipment;
• landscaping;
• building materials;
• signage; and
• environmental sustainability.
90
Parks and Open Space Plan - Goals and Objectives
o Quantity: Targeting a total percentage of the jurisdiction’s acreage to be set aside for parks, or protecting a total percentage of the land in any new development as open space •
o Proximity: Locating a park within a certain number of blocks of every resident, or providing a facility within a specific driving time of every resident
o Accessibility: Assuring that parks are located to be physically accessible by foot, bicycle, or public transit, and visually accessible for the greater public
o Distribution: Arranging park locations to ensure balanced service across geographic areas
o Equity: Providing facilities and programs evenly across socioeconomic populations
o Environmental protection: Assuring the protection of specific natural resources
o Coordination: Combining park objectives with other functional or jurisdictional plans
o Balance: Offering a mix of places and activities throughout the system
o Shaping: Identifying ways that the open space will promote or contain growth
o Sustainability: Determining physical and financial methods to support the park and open-space system
o Urban design: Addressing the way the park or space relates to the structures around it
o Connections: Identifying places and ways to link parklands and associated resources
91
Urban Design Plan - Design Guidelines:
Urban design plan reports often contain a section on design guidelines, including massing, height, building setbacks, architectural style, parking, streetscapes, signage, materials, and sustainable design.
92
Design Guidelines for Park Systems:
The guidelines help create an aesthetic and natural resource management standard for park development while visually connecting the park with its surroundings. They may address:
• park siting;
• pedestrian, vehicular, and transit access;
• utilities;
• site furnishings such as fencing, seating, and playground equipment;
• landscaping;
• building materials;
• signage; and
• environmental sustainability.
93
Design Guidelines - Historically
Traditionally, design guidelines have been “usebased,” dictating acceptable uses and densities. While this approach is still appropriate in some instances, increasingly design guidelines have become “formbased,” concentrating more on aesthetic and form issues.
94
Historic overlay districts - Design guidelines
may restrict the volume and shape of the structure.
95
Design Guidelines - Definition
Design guidelines can positively affect the aesthetic and functional aspects of a building or series of buildings.
Most useful on urban sites or in office parks, design guidelines can provide control for building height, entry location, service locations, building materials, and other aesthetic concerns.
96
Design Guidelines - supplement to zoning codes
many municipalities have established design guidelines to shape the architectural character of their communities. Design guidelines that clarify and recommend elements such as windows and doors, private plantings, building and roof shapes, and signage are an appropriate starting point for the definition of character in a proposed development. Design guidelines are typically represented through drawings and photographs of buildings (both within the community and from outside) that describe the appropriate type of building for a particular site, street, or community. A summary map or memo can illustrate the implications of such guidelines for a particular site or area.
97
Redevelopment
is the driver for brownfield cleanup and reuse. Only sites that pose an imminent danger to health are cleaned up without a redevelopment plan or project driving the effort. A local government, community group, private developer, or end user typically sees redevelopment potential in a site and takes the predevelopment steps needed to create a plan and determine project feasibility by assessing the costs, risks, and benefits of a potential project.
98
THE NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT OF 1966 (NHPA).
Infrastructure providers must ensure that structures do not have an adverse effect on historic properties, including buildings, districts, structures, objects, or Native American burial grounds. If there is a potential for impacts on such a resource, the tower applicant must work with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) to identify actions to mitigate impacts.
99
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
“Environment” refers to our surroundings. Its meaning is closely related to two other terms used in planning and urban design, “ecology” and “landscape.” Ecology involves the study of the reciprocal relationships of all organisms to each other and to their biological and physical environments. Landscapes comprise the sum of natural and cultural elements seen in a single view. When we add “planning” to each of these terms, the combined term refers to developing future options for our surroundings, for the interrelationships among biological and physical processes, and for the visual manifestation of those relationships. Because our surroundings contain physical, biological, and built elements, environmental planning involves using knowledge about those elements to provide options for decision making. The typical components that need to be considered include physical phenomena, such as air, climate, rocks, terrain, and water; biological elements, such as plants and animals; and the built environment, which encompasses buildings, streets, yards, and parks. Soils are an especially important element because they occur at the interface between physical and biological processes. Some surroundings may appear natural, such as farmlands, but are actually part of the built environment.
100
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES PLANNING:
Environmental resource management is
the management of the interaction and impact of human societies on the environment. It is not, as the phrase might suggest, the management of the environment itself. Environmental resources management aims to ensure that ecosystem services are protected and maintained for future human generations, and also maintain ecosystem integrity through
considering ethical, economic, and scientific (ecological) variables. Environmental resource management tries to identify factors affected by conflicts that rise between meeting needs and protecting resources. It is thus linked to environmental protection, sustainability and integrated landscape management.
• Helps crafting economically viable and sustainable solutions for environmentally-related issues so that it can serve communities efficiently and effectively.
• Developing sound solutions to environmental issues such as litter and illegal dumping enhances the ability of our communities to become more resilient, strengthens our nation and creates more livable neighborhoods.
• Environmental resource management can be viewed from a variety of perspectives. It involves the management of all components of the biophysical environment, both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic), and the relationships among all living species and their habitats. The environment also involves the relationships of the human environment, such as the social, cultural and economic environment, with the biophysical environment. The essential aspects of environmental resource management are ethical, economical, social, and technological. These underlie principles and help make decisions.
101
Redevelopment - Definition
“A process to rebuild or restore an area in a measurable state of decline, disinvestment, or abandonment. Redevelopment may be publicly or privately initiated, but it is commonly recognized as the process governed by the Local Redevelopment and Housing Law and undertaken in accordance with a redevelopment plan adopted by a municipality. If used correctly, it can transform an underutilized or distressed area into an economically viable and productive part of the community.”
102
Redevelopment - Goal
the physical placement and regulation of land uses and structures. However, redevelopment goals should also incorporate other aspects of community development such as design, preservation of historic assets, public spaces, promotion of environmental justice, environmental remediation and even issues that enhance the level of social services provided to neighborhood residents.
103
HISTORIC/ CULTURAL RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION PLAN:
Historic preservation, is an endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. This term refers specifically to the preservation of the built environment, and not to preservation of, for example, primeval forests or wilderness.
104
National Register of Historic Places - Criteria
* are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our nation’s history; • are associated with the lives of persons significant in our nation’s past;
* embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or
* have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.
105
Comprehensive plans:
planning commissions recommended a plan for adoption to the legislative body after a series of public hearings.
106
Landscape plans should incorporate natural and social considerations.
It is more than a land-use plan because it addresses the overlap and integration of land uses.
