Mastering

Question 1

Cells may store carbohydrates in the form of these cellular inclusions:

Answer 1

glycogen granules

Question 2

What is the function of cilia in human cells?

Answer 2

Cilia beat rhythmically to move substances across the surface of the ciliated cells.

Question 3

The inclusions that destroy protein are called

Answer 3

proteasomes

Question 4

Interstitial fluid is ? fluid outside the ? and the ?

Answer 4

extracellular/circulatory system/cells

Question 5

What is the name of the hollow interior of an organ?

Answer 5

Lumen

Question 6

Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular fluid?

Answer 6

Plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 7

Cell membranes are mainly constructed from ________.

Answer 7

lipids and proteins

Question 8

Tay-Sachs disease, which results from accumulation of glycolipids that are normally broken down, is associated with malfunction of which cellular component(s)?

Answer 8

Lysosomes

Question 9

What is the importance of having routine pap tests?

Answer 9

to screen for potentially cancerous cells

Question 10

A rapid division and growth of cells that do not differentiate into specialized cells.

Answer 10

Cancer

Question 11

Cancerous cells that originate in one tissue can escape from that tissue and spread to other organs through the circulatory system and the lymph vessels

Answer 11

metastasis

Question 12

Cancer cells can usually be recognized by

Answer 12

large cells with big nuclei and a small amount of cytoplasm

Question 13

Which tissues would likely have cells with the greatest number of gap junctions?

Answer 13

Cardiac muscle

Question 14

Which tissue can generate electrical signals?

Answer 14

Smooth muscle

Question 15

Undifferentiated cells in a tissue that can become specialized cells of that tissue, but not of other tissues, are ________ cells.

Answer 15

multipotent

Question 16

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?

Answer 16

Interphase

Question 17

When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called __________.

Answer 17

sister chromatids

Question 18

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?

Answer 18

Metaphase

Question 19

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?

Answer 19

Anaphase

Question 20

What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?

Answer 20

Cytokinesis

Question 21

During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

Answer 21

Prophase

Question 22

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?

Answer 22

Telophase

Question 23

Functions of the cell membrane include

Answer 23

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, communication between the cell and its environment, and Structural support

Question 24

Functions of epithelia include

Answer 24

controlling permeability, producing specialized secretions, providing physical protection, movement

Question 25

Glands that secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids are

Answer 25

endocrine glands

Question 26

Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as

Answer 26

organs

Question 27

The term meaning programmed cell death is

Answer 27

apoptosis

Question 28

Chondrocytes are to ? as osteocytes are to ?

Answer 28

cartilage/bone

Question 29

How does the intracellular fluid compartment differ from the extracellular fluid compartment?

Answer 29

Potassium ions are more concentrated inside cells than in the extracellular space.

Question 30

If a swimmer cuts his foot on a seashell while wading in the ocean and bleeds into the seawater, his red blood cells (erythrocytes) will shrink. What does this tell us about seawater?

Answer 30

The seawater is hypertonic to the erythrocytes.

Question 31

How can a solution be hyperosmotic but hypotonic?

Answer 31

If the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes is less in the solution than in a cell

Question 32

What is the most important distinction between the membrane transporters known as channel proteins and those known as carrier proteins?

Answer 32

Channel proteins create water-filled passages for small molecules that do not bind to the protein. Carrier proteins transport larger molecules by binding to them.

Question 33

What properties must a molecule have to pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion?

Answer 33

They must be small and/or lipophilic.

Question 34

the relationship between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Answer 34

The types of solutes and their distribution between the ICF and ECF are not the same.

Question 35

You have a total body concentration of 900 mosmol dissolved in 3 liters of solution. If you added 0.5 liters of a solution with 150 mosmol of NaCl to the body, what would the new total body concentration be?

Answer 35

300 mOsM

Question 36

Channel proteins that can be opened or closed are called ____ channels.

Answer 36

gated

Question 37

Membrane receptors are involved in various types of cell signaling. Some membrane receptors function as _____ channels.

Answer 37

chemically gated

Question 38

Cell membranes are primarily made of _____ molecules.

Answer 38

phospholipid

Question 39

What type of membrane transporter would be activated by an action potential?

Answer 39

A voltage-gated channel

Question 40

What characteristic of transporters does the decrease in glucose transport in the presence of galactose demonstrate?

Answer 40

Competition

Question 41

What will happen to the cells of a patient who is provided with an intravenous solution that is isosmotic to intracellular fluids?

Answer 41

The question cannot be answered with certainty without knowing the identity of the solutes present in the IV solution.

Question 42

The membrane potential of most cells ________.

Answer 42

is negative, except when there is a change in membrane permeability to ions

Question 43

What force causes the bulk flow of fluids (gases and liquids)?

Answer 43

Pressure gradient

Question 44

Which neuron or groups of neurons are NOT considered to be a part of the efferent pathway?

Answer 44

sensory

Question 45

Nerve cells in the central nervous system are primarily

Answer 45

interneurons

Question 46

The cells that we are capable of controlling consciously are the _____ neurons.

Answer 46

somatic motor (somatic efferent)

Question 47

Somatic motor neurons control

Answer 47

skeletal muscles

Question 48

The part of the neuron that receives most of the incoming signals is the ________.

Answer 48

dendrite

Question 49

The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the

Answer 49

synaptic cleft

Question 50

A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a

Answer 50

neurotransmitter

Question 51

When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,

Answer 51

they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.

Question 52

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,

Answer 52

ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.

Question 53

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, the receiving neuron is (less/more) likely to generate an action potential.

Answer 53

less

Question 54

What would happen to the membrane potential if a cell suddenly becomes more permeable to Na+?

Answer 54

Depolarize

Question 55

What happens if a graded stimulus is of sufficient strength to reach threshold at the trigger zone?

Answer 55

An action potential occurs.

Question 56

Which two properties determine the conduction velocity in a mammalian neuron?

Answer 56

Axon diameter and the leak resistance of the membrane

Question 57

Which type of receptor would bind acetylcholine and be found in skeletal muscle?

Answer 57

Nicotinic cholinergic

Question 58

A stronger stimulus to a neuron results in ________.

Answer 58

larger voltage changes in graded potentials and greater frequency of action potentials produced in response

Question 59

Which ion would NOT cause the membrane potential to change from –70 mV to +30 mV?

Answer 59

Potassium ions leaving the cell.

Question 60

Where do most action potentials originate?

Answer 60

Initial segment

Question 61

What opens first in response to a threshold stimulus?

Answer 61

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question 62

What characterizes depolarization, the first phase of the action potential?

Answer 62

The membrane potential changes from a negative value to a positive value.

Question 63

What characterizes repolarization, the second phase of the action potential?

Answer 63

Once the membrane depolarizes to a peak value of +30 mV, it repolarizes to its negative resting value of -70 mV.

Question 64

What event triggers the generation of an action potential?

Answer 64

The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to a threshold value of -55 mV.

Question 65

What is the first change to occur in response to a threshold stimulus?

Answer 65

Voltage-gated Na+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open.

Question 66

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of which system?

Answer 66

Autonomic nervous system

Question 67

Which glial cell produces myelin in the central nervous system?

Answer 67

Oligodendrocytes

Question 68

The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the

Answer 68

dendrites

Question 69

Neurotransmitters are released from the

Answer 69

axon terminals

Question 70

These glial cells act as scavengers.

Answer 70

microglia

Question 71

The pattern of synaptic connectivity where a large number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a single postsynaptic neuron, is known as

Answer 71

convergence

Question 72

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are

Answer 72

alpha and beta.