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Land Interactions Midterm 2 > Mastering > Flashcards

Mastering Flashcards

1
Q

In which soil order would you find a soil with a high clay content, but is not sticky when wet nor hard when dry?

A

ustox

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2
Q

which soil order is least likely to occur where the natural vegetation is forest?

A

mollisols

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3
Q

a soil pedon is

A

a 3-D unit that embodies the primary characteristics of an individual soil

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4
Q

a very high pH found in some arid region soils are most likely due to high levels of exchangeable

A

Na+

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5
Q

True or False: In extremely acidic soils (pH 3-4), most of the Al 3+ and H+ ions are bound tightly by organic matter and silicate clays and are not readily excahangeable

A

true

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6
Q

a soil pH of 3 would be typical of which of the folliwng

A

an acid sulfate soil

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7
Q

so called acid rain has been shown to accelerate the acidification of humid region ecosystems. the acidification occurs because the rain contains ____ as a result of fossil fuel combustion

A

both nitric and sulfuric acid

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8
Q

aluminum toxicity problems can be overcome by

A

-applying lime to rasie the soil pH
-applying organic amendments to form organo-aluminum complexes
-applying gypsum to lower the amount of exchangeable and dissolved aluminum in the soil

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9
Q

the exchange complexes of strongly acidic (pH 4.5) mineral soils are saturated mainly with

A

exchangeable Al 3+ ions

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10
Q

Poor plant growth in a well-drained irrigated soil in an arid region (pH = 8) is most likely due to

A

iron deficiency

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11
Q

Sodic soils tend to have a very high pH level primarily because

A

sodium carbonate is more soluble than calcium carbonate so more carbonate ions are available to react with water, thereby producing OH- ions

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12
Q

which of the following statements depicts a major problem associated with sodic soils

A

-extremely slow movement of air and water
-extremely high pH (between 8.5 to 10.5)
-toxicity of sodium and bicarbonate ions

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13
Q

Electrical conductivity (EC) of a soil-water paste is measured to estimate the ___ of the soil

A

salinity

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14
Q

What treatment(s) would be effective in reclaiming 100 hectares of saline sodic soil?

A

-irrigate with diluted sulfuric acid solution
-mix finely ground gypsum into the soil and then irrigate with an excess of water

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15
Q

which soil order would be expected in a coastal area that was recently covered by marine deposits by a tsunami?

A

entisols

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16
Q

Negative effects of acidity in subsoils can be ameliorated by adding gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O) to the soil surface. Which of the following most likely helps account for this?

A

gypsum dissolves and leaches downward, increasing the Ca//Al ratio in the soil solution

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17
Q

true or false The acidity and detrimental impacts of “acid rain” is primarily due to the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

A

false

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18
Q

Which of the following soil pH levels indicates an alkaline soil?

A

7.5

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19
Q

Gypsum is the most widely used chemical for the reclamation of sodic soils. What characteristic accounts for its popularity?

A

gypsum is abundant and low priced

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20
Q

which of these contains the availability of phosphorus in acid soils

A

iron

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21
Q

The nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy is characterized by all but which one of the following statements?

A

the names reflect a soil’s parent material

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22
Q

An acid soil is known to contain toxic quantities of a certain plant nutrient. Which is these essential elements is it most likely to be?

A

manganese

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23
Q

Which of the following epipedons has the lowest concentration of organic matter?

A

ochric

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24
Q

Normal alkaline soils are characterized by all but which one of the following?

A

high levels of exchangeable sodium

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25
Q

A soil has a thick black A horizon, a distinct B horizon, a reasonably stable structure and was formed under natural grassland vegetation? In which suborder is it most likely classed?

A

udolls

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26
Q

which of the following human actions is most apt to result in a long-term increase in soil pH

A

irrigation with high sodium salt-containing waters

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27
Q

Dolomitic limestone is favored over other liming materials when which essential nutrient element is in low supply?

A

Mg

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28
Q

which of the five soil-forming factors is mos responsible for the difference between Gellisols and Ultisols

A

climate

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29
Q

saline soils are characterized by

A

pH values less than 8.5

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30
Q

You are studying plant acclimation in an area experiencing a drought during a particularly warm summer. Which of the following is NOT one of the plant responses you could encounter?

A

increased rates of photosynthesis

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31
Q

In general, the range of temperatures over which net photosynthesis is at its maximum __________.

A

shifts in the direction of the thermal conditions under which the plant is grown

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32
Q

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

A

chloroplasts

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33
Q

photosynthesis equation?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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34
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur?

A

in the stroma (empty space next to rows)

35
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

A

water // NADPH

36
Q

In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.

A

photorespiration

37
Q

In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.

A

cytoplasm

38
Q

C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.

A

transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the calvin cycle occurs

39
Q

plants using the C4 photosynthetic pathway

A

divide photosynthesis between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells

40
Q

To overcome constraints imposed by the physical environment, plants often have to make trade-offs involving the acquisition of above- and below-ground resources. Which of the following is FALSE?

A

Plants adapted to dry, sunny environments tend to have characteristics such as larger leaves and increased production of roots to both take advantage of the high light levels and withdraw sufficient water from the parched soil.

41
Q

In the Calvin-Benson or C3 photosynthetic pathway, the enzyme rubisco catalyzes the reaction called

A

carboxylation

42
Q

true or false CAM plants typically live in hot dry deserts

A

true

43
Q

The value of photosynthetically active radiation above which no further increase in photosynthesis occurs is referred to as

A

the light saturation point.

44
Q

Which of the following statements about shade plants is FALSE?

A

they have small thick leaves

45
Q

Which of the following is an example of trade-offs in plant adaptations?

A

In a forest floor outside of Seattle, you find a plant growing in a very shaded area. You determine that it has consistently low respiration rates, but it also reaches maximum net photosynthesis at lower light levels than its neighbors growing in higher-light environments.

46
Q

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate statement about the pattern of evolutionary constraints and trade-offs plants may exhibit?

A

Species adapted to low-light environments exhibit higher rates of respiration that enable them to maintain positive rates of photosynthesis under low light levels, but these characteristics increase maximum rates of photosynthesis and plant growth under high light levels.

47
Q

the channels indicated by the pointer are (orange cell picture)

A

plasmodesmata
(looks like an opening)

48
Q

Which of these are symbiotic associations?

A

mycorrihizae

49
Q

In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____.

A

Casparian strip … endodermis … xylem

50
Q

_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves.

A

transpiration

51
Q

_____ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules.

A

hydrogen

52
Q

_____ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration.

A

guard

53
Q

Net photosynthesis is equal to

A

photosynthesis - respiration.

54
Q

The C4 photosynthetic pathway is most common in

A

grasses and shrubs in warm and dry climates

55
Q

The CO2 fertilization effect refers to __________.

A

the higher rates of diffusion and photosynthesis under elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2

56
Q

true or false At light levels below the light compensation point, the rate of carbon loss due to respiration exceeds the rate of uptake in the process of photosynthesis.

A

true

57
Q

The area inhabited by all individuals of a particular species is known as the population’s

A

geographic range

58
Q

Which of the following sampling techniques represents an index of abundance rather than an estimate of density?

A

number of bear droppings along a trail

59
Q

true or false Small trees are often the same age as large individuals in the canopy.

A

true

60
Q

A(n) ____
consists of all the members of a species that live together in a specific geographic region.

A

population

61
Q

The ____
is made up of all of Earth’s ecosystems, or all the parts of Earth that support life.

A

biosphere

62
Q

The average number of children born to each woman in a human population is known as the total ____
rate.

A

fertility

63
Q

A(n) ____
includes all the organisms in a defined geographical area, as well the nonliving components with which they interact.

A

ecosystem

64
Q

___ is the study of the interrelationships among organisms and their surroundings.

A

ecology

65
Q

From 1930 to 1939 fire ants spread inland about 60 miles from their point of introduction in Mobile, Alabama. What was the cause of their spread over this distance?

A

a natural spread

66
Q

From 1940 to 1970 fire ants spread through many southern states, sometimes at a rate of 100 miles in a year. What was the cause of their spread over this distance?

A

being transported along with plants and soil

67
Q

In 1958 federal law restricted the movement of soil and plants from areas where fire ants were established. Why was this law unsuccessful in stopping the spread of fire ant colonies?

A

People were unaware of the federal law and, when they moved, transported plants bearing fire ant colonies; a single mated queen can be transported without being noticed; and many states thought to be free of fire ant colonies already had them.

68
Q

Techniques used, or are being considered for use, in controlling the spread of fire ants include _____.

A

setting baits that kill the queen when they are carried back to the nest, applying chemical powders that kill the colony, introducing a protist to infect the fire ant queen and her eggs, and introducing a fly that lays eggs in fire ants so that the eggs will hatch into larvae that eat their way into the ants’ heads, which will then fall off

69
Q

The California newt is found only in California. This is an example of a(n) ________ species.

A

endemic

70
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of a population?

A

number of species

71
Q

An ecologist counts the number of individuals in five samples of equal area for four species of organisms. Which of these counts best represents a clumped population?

A

47, 18, 93, 12, 28

72
Q

Which of the following was propagated and promoted for use by the Soil Conservation Service but is now listed as a Federal Noxious Weed?

A

kudzu

73
Q

If, via global warming, the temperatures increased in Canada, the red maple might be able to extend its ________ to the North.

A

geographic range

74
Q

The _______
is the average number of children born per woman in her lifetime for a given population.

A

total fertility rate

75
Q

The ________
is the fertility level needed to maintain a stable population size.

A

replacement fertility rate

76
Q

Over the past 50 years, the average human _______
has increased due largely to fewer children dying in infancy.

A

life expectancy

77
Q

If a population has more deaths than births in a given year, its _______
will be a negative value.

A

natural rate of population change

78
Q

When a population’s ________
has a wide base and narrower top, the population is predicted to grow larger over time.

A

age structure diagram

79
Q

A(n) __________
studies the population dynamics of humans.

A

demographer

80
Q

Which of the following statements about population distributions and densities is true?

A

Dispersal plays a major role in range expansion for populations that have been introduced into a new region.

81
Q

Which of the following statements is true of metapopulations?

A

A metapopulation is a collection of local populations that are connected through the movement of individuals among them.

82
Q

A population’s density is calculated as the

A

number of individuals per unit area

83
Q

You see three shoots of a plant with a connected root system. This is an example of

A

3 ramets.

84
Q

You are visiting a mature pine forest and the guide explains that these habitats are important to protect because they contain the Red Cockaded Woodpecker, an endemic species. Your friend asks you to explain what endemic means.

A

You explain that it is a species with a distribution that is restricted to a particular localized habitat, such as the red cockaded woodpecker in the mature pine forest.

Land Interactions Midterm 2 (9 decks)

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