Material Considerations Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Define
gsm.
and state what it is used for.
A
grams per square meter
used to classify the weights of paper and card
2
Q
Define
micron.
and state what it is used for.
A
one-thousandth of a millimetre
used to classify the thickness of paper and card
3
Q
What weight classifies something as a
board?
(rather than a paper)
A
> 170gsm
4
Q
What are some
common paper types?
(5 examples)
A
- layout paper
- copier paper
- cartridge paper
- bleed proof paper
- sugar paper
5
Q
What is the weight of
card?
(s)
A
180-300gsm
6
Q
What are some positives of
card?
(2)
A
- available in a wide range of colours, sizes and finishes
- easy to fold, cut and print on
7
Q
What are some uses of
card?
(3)
A
- greeting cards
- paperback book covers
- simple modelling
8
Q
What is the thickness of
cardboard?
A
> 300microns
9
Q
What are some positives of
cardboard?
(3)
A
- available in many different sizes and surface finishes
- inexpensive
- can be cut, folded and printed on easily
10
Q
What are some uses of
cardboard?
(3)
A
- packaging
- modelling
- templates for parts and pieces of products
11
Q
What is
corrugated cardboard?
and what thickness is it?
A
a strong but lightweight type of card that is made from two layers of card with another, fluted sheet in between
thicknesses of 3000+ microns
double walled corrugated card is also available, this is twice as thick and gives extra strength and damage resistance
12
Q
What are some positives of
corrugated cardboard?
(6)
A
- strong
- lightweight
- stiff
- difficult to bend or fold
- can absorb knocks and bumps
- good heat-insulating properties
13
Q
What are some uses of
corrugated cardboard?
(2)
A
- packaging fragile or delicate items during transportation
- packaging for takeaway foods (e.g. pizza boxes)
14
Q
What is
mounting board?
and what thickness is it?
A
a rigid type of card with a smooth surface
thickness around 1400 microns
it is most commonly used in white and black
15
Q
What are some uses of
mounting board?
(2)
A
- picture framing
- architectural modelling
16
Q
What is
foam board?
and what is its most common thickness?
A
A lightweight board that is made up of polystyrene foam sandwiches between two pieces of thin card or paper.
a thickness of 5000 microns is most common
17
Q
What are some positives of
foam board?
(6)
A
- lightweight
- smooth
- available in a range of colours, sheet sizes and thicknesses
- rigid
- easy to cut
- can easily be folded
18
Q
What are some uses of
foam board?
(2)
A
- modelling
- point-of-sale displays
19
Q
What is
styrofoam?
A
A tradename for expanded polystyrene foam. It can be identified by its blue colour. It has a structure of uniformly small, closed cells.
20
Q
What are some positives of
styrofoam?
(6)
A
- available in a wide range of sizes and thickness
- easy to cute, shape and sand to a smoth finish
- strong
- lightweight
- water-resistant
- good heat-insulation properties
21
Q
What are some uses of
styrofoam?
(2)
A
- wall insulation in caravans, boats and lorries
- 3D model creation
22
Q
What is
corriflute?
A
An extruded corrugated plastic sheet similar in structure and thickness to corrugated cardboard. It is made from a high-impact polypropylene resin.
23
Q
A
24
Q
What are some positives of
corriflute?
(5)
A
- available in a wide range of colours and sheet sizes
- rigid
- lightweight
- extremely waterproof
- easy to cut (but can be difficult to fold)
25
# What are some uses of
corriflute?
- outside signs (e.g. estate agent's signs)
- plastic containers
- packaging
- point-of-sale displays
- modelling purposes
26
# Define
timber.
the general name given to wood materials once they have been processed into useable forms such as planks and strips
27
# What are the
three main types of timber?
- softwoods
- hardwoods
- manufactured boards
28
# What are
hardwoods?
wood that comes from broad-leaded, decidupus trees that lose their leaves over winter
## Footnote
these trees grow slowly and as a result the timber obtained from them tends to be dense, hard and heavy
29
# What are some examples of
hardwoods?
| (3)
- oak
- birch
- teak
30
# What are some properties of
hardwoods?
| (4) and what are they used for?
- dense
- hard
- heavy
- come in many different colours
| generally used for high-quality items such as furniture
31
# What are
softwoods?
wood that comes from conifers - evergreen trees that keep their needles all year round
## Footnote
these trees grow faster than hardwood trees and the wood is usually lighter in colour
32
# What are some examples of
softwoods?
| (3)
- pine
- cedar
- spruce
33
# What are some properties of
hardwoods?
| (2) and what are they used for?
- cheaper than hardwoods
- lighter in colour
| usually used in the building industry for roof, wall and door frames
34
# What are
manufactured boards?
sheets of timber made by gluing either wood fibres or wood layers together
35
# What are some exmaples of
manufactured boards?
- MDF
- plywood
- blockboard
- chipboard
36
# How is
metal made?
| (2 steps)
1. Metal ores are extracted from rocks in the Earth's crust by mining.
2. The metal ore is processed and refined to create a more useable material with improved properties.
37
# What are the
two main categories or types of metal?
- **ferrous metals** (metals that contain iron)
- **non-ferrous metals** (metals that do not contain iron)
38
# What are some properties of
ferrous metals?
| (3)
- will corrode quickly (unless trated with a suitable surface coating)
- magnetic (generally)
- less expensive than non-ferrous metals (generally)
- available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes
39
# What are some properties of
non-ferrous metals?
| (3)
- more resistant to corrosion (than ferrous metals)
- significantly better electrical conductors (than ferrous metals)
- generally more expensive (than ferrous metals)
- available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes
40
# What are some examples of
ferrous metals?
| (5)
- mild steel
- carbon steel
- stainless steel
- cast iron
- wrought iron
41
# What are some examples of
non-ferrous metals?
| (3)
- aluminium
- copper
- tin
42
# What are some
uses of metals?
## Footnote
mild steel?
aluminium?
stainless steel?
tin?
brass?
solder?
mild steel - building and engineering (e.g. steel girders)
aluminium - ladders
stainless steel - cutlery
tin - tin cans
brass - decorative products (e.g. door knockers)
solder - electrical connections on printed circuit boards
43
# Define
alloy.
a metal made by combining two or more metals to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion
44
# What are some examples of
alloys?
- brass
- bronze
- pewter
- lead/tin solder
45
# What is a
polymer?
a very large, chain-like molecule made up of monomers
| these can occur naturally or be manufactured
46
# What are some examples of
naturally occurring polymers?
| (4)
- silk
- wool
- hair
- animal horn
47
# What are the two families of
manufactured polymers?
| and what are they derived from?
- thermo polymers
- thermosetting polymers
| they are derived from petroleum oil
48
# Define
polymer memory.
the ability of thermo polymers to return to their original state after heating
49
# What are
thermo polymers?
Polymers that soften when heated and can be moulded into shape. They harden again once they have been cooled.
## Footnote
This can be repeated many times, which means thermo polymers can be recycled.
50
# What are some examples of
thermo polymers?
| (9)
- **PET**
- **H**igh**D**ensity**P**oly**E**thylene
- **PVC**
- **L**ow**D**ensity**P**oly**E**thylene
- **P**oly**S**tyrene
- **P**oly**P**ropelene
- **P**oly**E**thylene
- **acrylic**
51
# What are
thermosetting polymers?
Polymers that undergo a chemical change when heated to become hard. Once they have 'set' they cannot be reheated and remoulded and so they cannot be recycled.
52
# What are some examples of
thermosetting polymers?
| (3)
- silicone
- polyester resin
- epoxy resin
53
# What are
fibres?
tiny hair-like structures that are spun (twisted) together to make yarns
| these yarns are then woven or knitted together to create fabric
54
# Where do
synthetic fibres come from?
| (4ish)
a range of sources including:
- coal
- oil
- minerals
- other petrochemicals
55
# What are some properties of
synthetic fibres?
| (3ish)
- man-made
- (mostly) non-biodegradable
- not sustainable
## Footnote
they can be engineered to give them a range of useful properties including:
- flame resistance
- crease resistance
- stain resistance
56
# Define
blending fibres.
mixing fibres of different origins together in order to improve the properties of the finished yarn
57
# What are the properties of a
polyester cotton blend?
- strong
- breathable
- absorbent
- crease-resistant
- cheaper than not blended fabric
58
# What are the
two different types of woven fabrics?
warp and weft
## Footnote
warp: yarn runs vertically
weft: yarn is woven horizontally un an under/over configuration (weft goes left)
59
# What are some differences between
non-woven and woven fabrics?
| and some uses of non-woven fabrics?
non-woven fabrics are less strong
| they are used for decorative or disposable products
60
# What are the
two types of non-woven fabrics?
- bonded
- felted
61
# How are
bonded fabrics manufactured?
by applying pressure and heat or adhesives to bond the fibres together
## Footnote
these fabrics lose their strength and structure once wet so they are usually only suitable for one us
62
# What are some uses of
bonded fabrics?
| (5 examples)
- wet wipes
- tea bags
- surgical masks
- dressings
- nappies
63
# How are
felted fabric produced?
by applying heat, moisture and friction to fibres, which matt together
| the most commonly used fibres are wool and acrylic
64
# What are some uses of
felt?
- the surface of pool and snooker tables
- cushioning
- insulating
65
# What are
knitted fabrics?
fabrics that are made up of rows of interlocking loops, also known as stitches
| (these come in weft and warp)
66
# Define
modern material.
a material that is continually being developed through the invention of new or improved processes
67
# What are some examples of
modern materials?
| (6)
- polymorph
- teflon
- lenticular plastic sheet
- flexiply
- precious metal clay
- conductive polymers
68
# Tell me about
polymorph.
## Footnote
- how does it come?
- how do you mould it?
- how do you remould it?
- comes in the form of polymer granules
- when heated to 60°C in warm water the granules melt and can be moulded into shape
- you can reheat it again using warm water or a hairdryer
69
# What are some uses of
teflon?
| (5)
- a non-stick coating on cookware
- paint
- fabrics
- carpets
- clothing
| all to repel liquids
70
# What is
lenticular plastic sheet?
A sheet that is smooth on one side whil the other side is made of small lenses.
| These lenses transform 2D images into a variety of visual illusions
71
# What is
flexiply?
a form of plywood that is extremely flexible and can quite easily be bent into various shapes
72
# What is
precious metal clay?
| and what is it used for?
a clay that is made from 99% silver or gold and 1% clay
## Footnote
this can be shaped at room temperature then heated in a kiln to produce jewellery
73
# What are
conductive polymers?
plastic products that can conduct electricity
74
# What are
smart materials?
materials that sense conditions in their environment and respond to these
75
# What are some examples of
smart materials?
| (6)
- shape-memory alloy
- shape-memory polymers
- thermochromic sheet
- thermochromic pigments
- photochromic materials
- self-healing materials
76
# What is
shape-memory alloy?
| and what is it used for?
a material that remembers its original shape when deformed and returns to it when heated
## Footnote
it can be used for **glasses frames** that return to their original shape after being bent
77
# What are
shape-memory polymers?
polymers that can be 'programmed' to remember their original shape when heated
78
# What is
thermochromic sheet?
| and what is it used for?
a sheet that is printed with liquid crystal 'ink' that changes colour above 27°C
| it is used in children's toys, jewellery and temperature indicators
79
# What are
thermochromic pigments?
| and what are they used for?
Pigments that are often used on **novelty mugs** that reveal a design as hot water is poured into the mug.
## Footnote
They can also be added to polymers to create plastics that react to heat, such as **colour-changing drink stirrers** and** baby-feeding spoons** that warn you if food or drink is too hot.
80
# What are
photochromic materials?
| and what are they used for?
materials that react to light
| glasses that darken in bright sunlight use photochromic lenses
81
# What are
self-healing materials?
| and what are they used for?
Materials that have the ability to detect and repair damage done to them.
## Footnote
The first of these were polymers that had internal adhesive and were used on products such as **cutting mats**. Self-healing materials can use embedded capsules that release adhesive when the material cracks. **BioConcrete** heals itself using bacteria that react with any water that gets into it and produce limestone to fill any micro-craks that appear.
82
# What are
composite materials?
materials that are produced by bonding different materials to produce newe materials with improved properties
83
# What are some examples of
composite materials?
- glass-reinforced plastic
- carbon fibre
- kevlar
- laminates
84
# What is
glass-reinforced plastic?
| and what is it used for?
Polyester resin reinforced with glass fibre strands. It has all the properties of a polymer but is much stronger.
| it is used for large structural items such as boats and car bodies
85
# What is
carbon fibre?
| and what is it used for?
Polyester resin reinforced with carbon fibre strands. This makes the material even stronger and also lighter in weight.
| it is used for protective helmets, high-end bicycles and hockey sticks
86
# What is
kevlar?
| and what is it used for?
Polyester resin reinforced with very strong polastic. It is even lighter and stronger than carbon fibre.
| it is used for **bulletproof vests**
87
# What are
laminates?
| and what are they used for?
They are materials that are made up of layers. Since the layers are usually different materials, if a material is not strong or durable enough to survive by itself, you would combine it with one that is. For example, a waterproof jacket is made from layers that stop wind and rain getting in but allow moisture vapour out.
| it is used for **laminated glass** and **waterproof jackets**
88
# What are
technical textiles?
textiles that are engineered specifically for their performance properties, not for their aesthetic value
89
# What are some examples of
technical textiles?
| (4)
- nomex
- kevlar
- coolmax
- fastskin
90
# What are the properties of
nomex?
| and what is it used for?
## Footnote
(3)
it is heat and flame resistant
## Footnote
it is used for:
- protective clothing for racing drivers, firemen and astronauts
- oven gloves
- fire-resistant insulation in buildings
91
# What are the properties of
kevlar?
| and what is it used for?
## Footnote
(4)
it is resistant to abrasion and damge by sharp or pointed objects
## Footnote
it is used for:
- stab and bullet resistant vests for police and armed forces
- linings in motorcycle clothing and accessories
- car and motorcycle tyres
- protective gloves for butchers and fishmongers
92
# What are the properties of
coolmax?
| and what is it used for?
## Footnote
(4)
it wicks water away from your body and improves breathability
## Footnote
it is used for:
- bedding
- sportswear
- uniforms
- underwear
93
# What are the properties of
fastskin?
| and what is it used for?
## Footnote
(1)
it mimics the skin of a shark, giving a streamlining effect when underwater
## Footnote
it is used for competitive sportswear and swimwear
94
# What are important
properties of materials
| to consider? (18)
## Footnote
maybe we don't memorise this one
- density
- strength
- hardness
- durability
- strength to weight ratio
- stiffness
- elasticity
- impact resistance
- plasticity
- ductility and malleability
- brittleness
- corrosive resistance to chemical and weather
- water resistance
- absorbency
- flammability
- electrical conductivity
- thermal conductivity
- magnetic properties
95
# What is the
strength
| of a material?
its ability to withstand forces that try to bend or break it
## Footnote
Because there are different forces that can be applied to a material, there are different kinds of strength, related to hoe well a material can resist these forces:
- compressive strength - compression forces
- tensile strength - tension forces
- yield strength - before it is permanently deformed in some way
- impact strength - sudden forces
96
# What is the
hardness
| of a material?
how resistant it is to pressure from cutting, scratching or wear
97
# What is the
durability
| of a material?
the ability of a material to withstand wear, pressure or damage
98
# What is the
strength to weight ratio
| of a material?
a measure of a material's strength compared to its weight
99
# What is the
stiffness
| of a material?
its rigidity - its ability to resist being deformed when a force is applied to it
100
# What is the
elasticity
| of a material?
its ability to return to its original shape when forces are applied to it that will make it bend or flex out of shape
101
# What is the
impact resistance
| of a material?
the ability of a material to withstand a force or shock applied to it over a short period of time
102
# What is the
plasticity
| of a material?
the ability of a material to permanently change in shape when force is applied to it
103
# What is the
ductility and malleability
| of a material?
how easily it can be deformed or bent out of shape without snapping or breaking
104
# What is the
brittleness
| of a material?
how easily a material will snap or break when bent or impacted
| this is the opposite of ductility and is affected by heat
105
# What is the
corrosive resistance to chemicals and weather
| of a material?
how susceptible a material is to degradation from elements such as oxygen, moisture and other chemicals
106
# What is the
water resistance
| of a material?
The ability of a material to resist the ingress of water. Materials that do not absorb moisture or water are called waterproof.
107
# What is the
absorbency
| of a material?
the ability of a material to absorb moisture
108
# What is the
flammability
| of a material?
the ability of a substance to burn or ignite, causing fire
109
# What is the
electrical conductivity
| of a material?
how easy it is for electricity to flow through a material
110
# What is the
thermal conductivity
| of a material?
The way heat can be transferred through a material. Materials with good thermal conductivity will allow heat to be transferred through them relatively easily.
111
# What are the
magnetic properties
| of a material?
A material with magnetic properties will emit forces that attract or repulse other materials. All materials have a certain amount of magnetism, but it is very low in most of them.
112
examples.........
