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H2R Learning > Material Science > Flashcards

Material Science Flashcards

1
Q

Why is flexible packaging by far the biggest and most challenging recyclability roadblock facing brands?

A

Material contamination from wet, sticky residuals; high performance barriers.

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2
Q

True or false. Rigid plastic packaging has on average 2.1 design recommendations issued per package in the How2Recycle Member Platform.

A

True

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3
Q

Where can one find plastic packaging for refining recyclability?

A

APR Design® for Recyclability Recognition Program

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4
Q

What are the two design challenges for PET thermoforms’?

A

(a) eliminating the need for consumer separation (e.g. blister packaging),

(b) using labels that meet criteria for Preferred per the APR Design Guide.

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5
Q

True or false. Less than 5% of the recommendations issued apply to PVC, and to lesser extent PS and EPS.

A

True

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6
Q

Many design for recyclability issues are less about the type of plastic selected for the package and more about the product category or the overall design of the package. How can recommendations be described?

A

“overcoming detrimental characteristics of closures”

“reducing the need for consumer separation to recycle properly”

“packaging liquids in recyclable packaging.”

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7
Q

True or false. Packages of all materials, not just plastics, should be designed with sustainable sourcing, optimization and design for recovery in mind.

A

True

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8
Q

What are the most popular design improvement recommendations issued for paper packaging?

A

1) Ensure no additives, layers or coatings

2) Change to no attachment or a paper attachment

3) Move from poly coating to no coating or clay coating

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9
Q

True or false. Testing the reprocessability of coatings on paper packaging is critical in order to understand impacts to recyclability

A

True

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10
Q

What are the two key areas for improvement for paper packaging?

A

1) eliminating plastic coatings where feasible

2) removing plastic windows

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11
Q

True or false. Flexible packaging only constitutes 2.7% of members’ paper packaging

A

True

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12
Q

What non-wood fibers are a challenge for recyclability?

A

Bagasse and bamboo.

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13
Q

Unbleached rigid or flexible fiber packaging requiring testing should test using what protocol?

A

OCC-E Protocol

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14
Q

Bleached rigid or flexible fiber packaging requiring testing should test using what protocol?

A

SBS-E Protocol

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15
Q

Which partner labs provide
OCC-E paper testing?

A

1) University of Wisconsin Stevens-Point

2) Innofibre (Quebec)

3) Western Michigan University

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16
Q

Which partner labs provide
SBS-E paper testing?

A

Western Michigan University

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17
Q

What considerations are made when determining the recyclability of a package?

A

1) Size
Is the item the right size to make it successfully through a Material Recovery Facility (MRF)?

2) Shape
(For plastics) Is the item too flat (2D) to sort with plastic containers at a MRF?
(For paper) Is the item too deep (3D) to sort with paper packaging at a MRF?

3) Other attributes
(For plastics) Does the plastic container contain metal or metallized features that would cause it to not get recycled successfully at a MRF via magnets or metal detection?

(For plastics) Will the item be successfully identified by near infrared sortation (NIR)? For example, does the label (shrink sleeve, pressure sensitive, in-mold or other) made of a different material than the container cause the container to be incorrectly sorted via NIR because more than 75% of the bottle surface area, not including bottom or closure, is covered?

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18
Q

What data sets or information does H2R use to determine end markets?

A

1) Secondary material pricing at recyclingmarkets.net

2) Inclusion of package type in industry model bale specifications such as APR Model Bale Specs, ISRI Scrap Specifications Circular

3) ​Aggregated expert or media reported information regarding landfilling or incineration post-collection

4) ​Aggregated expert or media reported information regarding buy/sell transactional behavior at the MRF or recycler levels

5) ​Feedback from individual recyclers or trade associations representing recyclers on value of specific pack types

6) Specific research available or published by consultancies or other organizations regarding end markets for certain materials

19
Q

What is materials are “core” packaging made from making them easily recyclable?

A

1) Corrugated boxes (aka ‘cardboard’ boxes)
2) Uncoated or clay coated paperboard without direct food contact (like cereal boxes)
3) Steel cans (like soup cans)
4) Aluminum cans (like beverage cans)
5) Transparent clear, transparent blue or transparent green PET bottles (like beverage bottles)
6) HDPE bottles (like laundry detergent)

20
Q

What is material health?

A

Material health refers to the safety and environmental impact of materials used in packaging.

21
Q

What is material compatibility?

A

Material compatibility refers to the ability of different materials to work together in the recycling process.

22
Q

What is recyclability?

A

Recyclability refers to the ease of recycling and the availability of recycling facilities.

23
Q

What are examples of recyclability-challenged packages?

A

1) Tubes (toothpaste, lotion)
2) Hot paper cups (coffee)
3) Cold paper cups (fountain drink)
4) Ice cream paper packaging
5) Fiber foodservice packaging with direct food contact
6) Alternative fiber packaging (e.g. bagasse, bamboo)
7) Coated flexible papers
8) Certain polyethylene (PE) film innovations
9) Composite metal-bottom canisters
10) Expanded polyethylene (EPE) protective packaging
11) Multimaterial flexible packaging

24
Q

What are the two main types of recyclability-challenged packages?

A

1) Infrastructure
2) Data

25
Q

What percentage of H2R labels are widely recycled?

A

47%

26
Q

What percentage of H2R packages are check locally?

A

15%

27
Q

What percentage of packages are not yet recyclable?

A

29%

28
Q

What are the two types of false constructs?

A

1) the type the packaging industry invokes when it attempts to measure access to recycling

2) the type recycling programs invoke when they attempt to communicate recyclability to residents.

29
Q

What is a proxy indicator?

A

Refers to an “indirect sign or measure which can approximate or can be representative of a phenomenon without the presence of a direct sign or measure.”

30
Q

What new rules have the How2Recycle program developed to assess end markets within the definition of recyclability?

A

(a) accuracy of recyclability claims

(b) feedback to the packaging industry to drive improvements in the recycling system.

31
Q

What are the three end markets?

A

1) Strong
2) Moderate
3) None

32
Q

What formula defines the end market categories?

A

1) Demand. Whether the recycling industry has signaled meaningful demand for the material; and

2) Scale. Whether the material is getting recycled at meaningful volumes; and

3) Value. Whether the material carries meaningful value; and

4) Time. Whether value for the material has been sustained over a reasonable time period.

Demand+Scale+(value DELTA (change) time)

33
Q

Which organizations conduct bale specifications?

A

ISRI & APR

34
Q
A
35
Q

What is meant by positive value?

A

The average national price is above $0 or otherwise adequately and intentionally managed by Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) and/or governmental entities as part of the overall material mix.

36
Q

What is meant by “known to not cause downgrade at scale if included”?

A

The majority of recyclers for that material will not meaningfully reduce the price of a bale or reject a bale if that package is included.

37
Q

What makes the recycling economy difficult to collect accurate material data?

A

Recyclers’ business models make them unwilling and sometimes unable to disclose their customers, volumes traded, bale spec details, locations of sales, and amounts and makeup of residual.

38
Q

What does H2R use for average pricing information for recycled goods?

A

recyclingmarkets.net

39
Q

What does H2R use for assessing end markets?

A

1) Secondary material pricing at recyclingmarkets.net

2) Inclusion of package type in industry model bale specifications such as APR Model Bale Specs, ISRI Scrap Specifications Circular

3) Aggregated expert or media reported information regarding landfilling or incineration post-collection

4) Aggregated expert or media reported information regarding buy/sell transactional behavior at the MRF or recycler levels

5) Feedback from individual recyclers or trade associations representing recyclers on value of specific pack types

6) Specific research available or published by consultancies or other organizations regarding end markets for certain materials.

40
Q

How can members provide proof of recyclability?

A

Gathering info in an organized fashion, analysis of information, make a case argument.

41
Q

What quality and quantity of data is needed to prove recyclability?

A

Scientific evidence consisting of text, analyses, research, or studies conducted objectively by qualified individuals to yield accurate and reliable results.

42
Q

What does preponderance of evidence mean?

A

Preponderance of the evidence is the standard used in civil litigation and family law and is generally understood to mean the one party “wins” if there is greater than a 50% chance that, based on all the reasonable evidence shown, the claims are true—or in other words, “more likely true than not.”

43
Q

What does beyond reasonable doubt mean?

A

The standard of “beyond a reasonable doubt” is met when the prosecutor uses facts to convince the judge or jury that there is no plausible reason to believe otherwise—that the crime didn’t occur.

How2Recycle’s standard of evidence is informal, but falls somewhere between “more likely true than not” and “true beyond a reasonable doubt.”

44
Q
A

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