Materials Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Materials are split into…
A
Groups or classifications
2
Q
What are the classifications?
A
- Metal
- Woods
- Polymers
- Papers and boards
- Composites
- Smart materials
- Modern materials
3
Q
What are the types of classification associated with Metals?
A
- Ferrous
- Non-Ferrous
- Alloy
4
Q
What is meant by Ferrous?
A
A metal which contains mostly iron and carbon. they are magnetic and will rust
5
Q
What are some examples of ferrous?
A
Low carbon steel, medium carbon steel iron cast
6
Q
What is meant by non-ferrous?
A
A metal that does not contain iron. they are not magnetic and do not rust
7
Q
What are some examples of non-ferrous metals?
A
Aluminium, copper, zinc, silver, gold, titanium, tin
8
Q
What is meant by Alloy?
A
A metal made of two or more metals or combining two or more elements, one of which must be a metal.
alloys can also be sub-classified as ferrous alloys or non-ferrous alloys
9
Q
What are some examples of ferrous alloys?
A
stainless steel and die steel (tool steel)
10
Q
What are some examples of non-ferrous alloys?
A
bronze, brass, duralumin, pewter
11
Q
Metals occurs naturally in the form of…
A
Ore
12
Q
What percentage of the Earths crust is metal ore?
A
Approximately 25%
13
Q
What are the two most common metal ores?
A
Bauxite followed by iron
14
Q
How is the raw metal extracted from the ore?
A
Through a combination of crushing, smelting or heating, with the addition of chemicals and huge amounts of electrical energy.
15
Q
most metals can be…
A
recycled, saving natural resources and limiting the amount of materials imported from abroad
16
Q
what are the ores for these metals?
- Copper
- Aluminium
- Tin
- Zinc
A
- Chalcopyrite
- Bauxite
- Cassiterite
- Zinc blende
17
Q
What metals are non-ferrous?
A
- aluminium
- copper
- zinc
- silver
- gold
- titanium
- tin
18
Q
Non-Ferrous metals:
Properties of Aluminium
A
- Lightweight
- ductile
- malleable
- corrosion-resistant
- electrical and thermal conductor
- can be metal inert gas (MIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) heat welded
- melting temp: 660°C
19
Q
Non-Ferrous metals:
Uses of Aluminium
A
- Drink cans
- aircraft bodies
- bike frames
- window frames
- packing
- baking foil
20
Q
Non-Ferrous metals:
Properties of copper
A
- ductile
- malleable
- tough
- corrosion-resistant
- good electrical and thermal conductor
- can be soldered and brazed
- melting temp: 1083°C
21
Q
Non-Ferrous metals:
uses of copper
A
- electrical wire
- printed electrical circuits
- water pipes
- hot water tanks
- central heating pipes
22
Q
Non-Ferrous metals:
properties of Zinc
A
- low melting point
- good corrosion resistance
- melting temp: 420°C
23
Q
Non-Ferrous metals:
uses of zinc
A
- galvanising steel as a protective coating for dustbins
- dustbins
- farm gates
- intricate die casting
24
Q
Non-Ferrous metals:
properties of tin
A
- ductile
- malleable
- low melting point
- corrosion-resistant
- melting temp: 232°C
25
Non-Ferrous metals:
uses of tin
* soft solder
* coatings for food cans
* rarely used in pure form
26
What are examples of ferrous metals?
* low-carbon steel
* medium carbon steel
* cast iron
* mild steel
27
Ferrous metals:
properties of Low carbon steel
* ductile
* high tensile strength
* tough
* malleable
* poor resistance to corrosion
* 0.15-0.30% carbon content
* melting temp: 1427°C
28
Ferrous metals:
uses of low carbon steel
* nuts
* bolts
* washers
* screws
* car bodies
* outer panels for white goods
29
Ferrous metals:
properties of medium carbon steel
* harder than low carbon steel
* less ductile then low carbon steel
* malleable
* tough
* 0.30-0.70% carbon content
30
Ferrous metals:
uses of medium carbon steel
* springs
* gardening tools (trowels, forks)
31
Ferrous metals:
properties of cast iron
* hard outer skin but brittle core
* good under compression
* 3.5% carbon
* melting temp: 1149°C
32
Ferrous metals:
uses of cast iron
* disk brakes
* machine parts
* engine blocks
* sheet furniture (ie decorative bollards, bins and lighting)
33
Ferrous metals:
properties of mild steel
* strong
* malleable
* 0.4% carbon
* high tensile strength
* high impact strength
* melting temp: 1410°
34
Ferrous metals:
uses of mild steel
* construction
35
what are examples of ferrous alloys?
* stainless steel
* high speed steel (HSS)
* die steel (tool steel)
36
Ferrous Alloys:
properties of stainless steel
* tough
* hard
* corrosion-resistant
* 10% chrome
* 8% nickel
* melting temp: 1510°C
37
Ferrous alloys:
uses of stainless steel
* sinks
* kitchenware
* cutlery
38
What are examples of non-ferrous alloys?
* brass
* bronze
* duralumin
39
Non-Ferrous alloys:
properties of brass
* corrosion-resistant
* good electrical conductor
* good thermal conductor
* low melting point
* casts well
* 65% copper
* 35% Zinc
* melting temp: 930°C
40
Non-Ferrous alloys:
uses of brass
* boats fittings
* door furniture
* cast valves and taps
* ornaments
41
Non-Ferrous alloys:
properties of Duralumin
* equivelant strength and properties to low carbon steel but more lightweight
* ductile
* becomes harder as it is worked
* 4% copper
* 1% magnesium and manganese
42
Non-Ferrous alloys:
Uses of the Duralumin
* Air crafts
* Vehicle parts
43
metal stock forms:
sheets are...
large flat sections of metal in varying thicknesses from less than 1mm up yo approximately 3mm
44
metal stock forms:
plates are...
generally thicker than 3mm and narrower than sheet metals
45
metal stock forms:
bars are...
solid form, flat bar, square bar, round bar or hexagonal bar
46
metal stock forms:
tubes are...
hollow in cross-section and can be square, rectangular (also called box section), round or hexagonal
47
metal stock forms:
structural is...
angular shapes such as H beams, L beams (angle), i beams, tee beams and channel
48
what are the 3 types of wood?
* Hardwood
* Softwood
* Manufactured board
49
what are examples of hardwoods?
* oak
* jelutong
* mahogany
* balsa
* beech
50
What is meant by hardwood?
* a wood from broad-leafed (deciduous) trees
* generally slow-growing
* lose leaves in autumn
51
Hardwoods:
Properties of Oak
* Hard
* tough
* attractive grain
* good weather resistance
* contains tannic acid which corrodes steel screws or fixings
52
Hardwoods:
Uses of Oak
* floorings
* furniture
* boat building
* cladding
* interior and exterior joinery
53
Hardwoods:
Properties of Mahogany
* can contain an interlocking grain (makes it more difficult to work with)
* rich dark red colour
54
Hardwoods:
Uses of mahogany
* indoor furniture
* shop fittings and cabinets
* veneers commonly used on manufactured boards
55
Hardwoods:
Properties of beech
* tough
* close-grained
* hard
* available in steamed (white colour) and un-steamed (pink tinge)
* does not impart a taste to food
56
Hardwoods:
Uses of beech
* chairs
* chopping boards
* tools (mallets)
* steam-bent laminated furniture
* turned bowls
57
Hardwoods:
Properties of jelutong
* low density
* straight grain
* fine texture
* rated non-durable to perishable
* diffuse-porous
* sour odour
* can cause skin irritation
58
Hardwoods:
Uses of jelutong
* patternmaking
* carving
59
Hardwoods:
Properties of balsa
* pale reddish-brown
* most boards of balsa are made from sapwood which is white to off-white or tan, sometimes with a pink or yellow hue
* straight grain
* perishable
* susceptible to insect attack
*
60
Hardwoods:
uses of balsa
* buoys
* rafts
* surfboards
* model aeroplanes
* musical instruments
* packing/transport cases
* core stock in sandwich laminations
* fishing lures
*
61
What is meant by softwood?
* a wood from coniferous (cone-bearing) trees
* fast growing
* tend to be evergreen
62
what are examples of softwood?
* pine
* redwood
* cedar
* larch
63
Softwoods:
Properties of pine
* straight grain
* knotty
* can contain resinous knots
64
Softwoods:
Uses of pine
* construction work
* roof beams
* timber frame construction
* interior joinery
65
Softwoods:
Properties of Cedar
* straight grain
* can corrode ferrous metals due to acidic nature
* low density
* good sound damping
* good resistance to moisture
66
Softwoods:
uses of cedar
* exterior cladding
* sheds
* greenhouses
* beehives
* interior panelling
67
Softwoods:
Properties of Larch
* Hard
* tough
* attractive grain pattern fades to silver upon exposure
* good resistance to moisture
68
Softwoods:
Uses of Larch
* garden furniture
* cladding
* decking
* fencing
69
Softwoods:
Properties of Redwood
* Grain is straight
* Coarse texture
* moderately durable regarding decay resistance
* distinct odour
* resin canals absent
70
Softwoods:
Uses of Redwood
* veneer
* construction lumber
* beams
* posts
* decking
* exterior furniture
* trim
71
what is manufactured wood?
a man-made wood-based composite materials.
manufactured boards are available in much larger sizes than solid wood
72
what are examples of the manufactured board?
* plywood
* chipboard
* Medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
* hardboard
73
manufactured wood:
Properties of Plywood
* thin layers of wood placed and glued at a 90-degree angle to each other and compressed to form the board
* good strength in all directions
* no grain weakness
* always has an odd number of layers
74
manufactured wood:
Uses of plywood
* structual work
* desktops
* indoor furniture
* floorboards
75
manufactured wood:
Properties of MDF (Medium-density fibreboard).
* compressed wood fibres
* sometimes urea-formaldehyde is added as an additional resin
* 2 smooth faces
* available in either standard grade or veneered with a layer of timber
76
manufactured wood:
Uses of Medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
* model making
* mould making
* some furniture items such as book shelves
77
manufactured wood:
Properties of chipboard
* model making
* mould making
* furniture items such as bookcases
* cabinets and desks
78
manufactured wood:
Uses of Chipboard
* flat-pack furniture and work surfaces
* the carcass of kitchen units and worktops and flooring
79
manufactured wood:
Properties of hardboard
* made from wood fibre extracted from chips and pulped wood waste
* the pulp is exploded under pressure
* held together by lignum and other glues
* grainless
* with one smooth glossy surface and one textured surface
* to prevent warping moisture is added in a humidification chamber
* absorbs water
* oil tempered - stiffer, harder, more resistant to scratches and moisture
80
manufactured wood:
Uses of hardboard
* furniture components
* wall panelling
* moulded door skins
* underlayment
* perforated boards
81
What are the 3 types of polymers?
* Thermoplastic
* Thermosetting polymer
* Elastomer
82
what is meant by thermoplastic?
A material which can be repeatedly reheated and reshaped, allowing it to be recycled after its initial use. Thermoplastics have long linear chain molecules held by van de walls forces.
83
what are examples of thermoplastics?
* low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
* high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
* polypropene (PP)
* acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
* polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
* rigid and flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
* Acrylic
84
thermoplastics:
Properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
* very tough
* good chemical resistance
* weatherproof
* available in translucent
* low level of rigidity
85
Thermoplastics:
Uses of low-density polyethylene
* squeezy detergent bottles
* toys
* carrier bags
* bin liners
* general packaging
* food wrap film
* food trays
86
thermoplastics:
Properties of High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
* available in translucent
* weatherproof
* tough
* good
* chemical resistance
* safe working temperature 65 degrees Celcius
87
thermoplastics:
Uses of High-density polyethylene
* chemical drums
* jerry crews
* toys
* household and kitchenware
* long life carrier bags
* buckets
* bowls
88
thermoplastics:
Properties of Polypropylene (PP)
* Available in translucent
* good chemical resistance
* tough
* good fatigue resistance (Hinge properties)
* safe working temperature 100°C
89
thermoplastics:
Uses of polypropylene (PP)
* rope
* folders
* folio cases
* food containers
* medical equipment
* hinged containers lids
90
thermoplastics:
Properties of Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
* extremely tough
* hard
* available in opaque
* safe working temperature 80°C
91
thermoplastics:
Uses of Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
* telephone headsets
* rigid luggage
* domestic appliances (food mixers)
* handles
* computer housings
* remote control castings
* calculator castings
92
thermoplastics:
Properties of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
* highly flexible
* colourless
* semi-rigid to rigid (depending on processing)
* good dimensional stability
* resistance to impact
* resistant to moisture
* resistance to alcohols and solvents
93
thermoplastics:
Uses of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
* wiper arm
* gear housings
* headlamp retainer
* engine cover
* connector housing
94
thermoplastics:
Properties of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
* available in translucent
* tough
* flexible
* good weathering resistance
* good chemical resistance
* safe working temperature 95°C
95
thermoplastics:
Uses of flexible Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
* hose pipes
* cable insulation
* medical grade tubing
* inflatable products
* imitation leather
* seat coverings
96
Thermoplastics:
Properties of Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
* Rigid
* opaque
* tough
* hard
* good
* weathering resistance
* good chemical resistance
* fire retardant
* safe working temperature 95°C
97
thermoplastics:
Uses of Rigid polyvinyl chloride (uPVC)
* window frames
* external doors
* guttering and drainpipes down buildings
* water service pipes
* bank cards
98
thermoplastics:
Properties of Acrylic
* strong
* stiff
* optical clarity
* weather and sunlight resistant
* rigid
* good impact strength
* dimensional stability
* low mould shrinkage
* poor solvent resistance (especially by ketones, esters, chlorocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and freons)
* subject to stress cracking
* combustible
99
thermoplastics:
Uses of Acrylic
* lenses
* automotive trim
* household items
* light fixtures
* decorator items signage
* point of purchase displays
100
what is meant by thermosetting polymer?
a material which when heated undergoes a chemical change whereby the molecules form rigid cross-links. thermosetting polymers cannot be reheated and reshaped, even at very high temperatures.
101
what are examples of thermosetting polymers?
* Urea Formaldehyde (UF)
* polyester resin (PR)
* epoxy resin (ER)
102
thermosetting plastics:
Properties of Urea-formaldehyde (UF)
* hard
* heat resistant
* good electrical insulator
* brittle
* safe working temperature 80°C
103
thermosetting plastics:
Uses of Urea-formaldehyde (UF)
* electrical fittings
* adhesives
104
thermosetting plastics:
Properties of polyester resin (PR)
* rigid
* heat resistant
* chemical resistant
* brittle
* safe working temperature 95°C
105
thermosetting plastics:
Uses of polyester resin (PR)
* Castings
* used in lay-up process for glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) for boat hulls
* car parts
* chair seats
106
thermosetting plastics:
Properties of Epoxy resin (ER)
* rigid
* clear
* hard
* tough
* chemical resistant
* 80-200°C
107
thermosetting plastics:
Uses of Epoxy Resin (ER)
* Adhesives
* surface coatings
* encapsulation of electrical components
* cardiac pacemakers
* aerospace applications
* used in lay-up techniques with Carbon Fibre Reinforced plastic
108
what is meant by elastomer?
* a material which at room temperature can be deformed under pressure and then upon the release of the pressure will return to its original shape.
* elastomers have weak bonds which allow them to stretch easily. they can be stretched repeatedly and upon immediate release of the stretch, will return with force to the original length
109
what are examples of elastomers?
* natural rubber
110
Elastomers:
Properties of natural rubber
* high tensile strength
* low elongation
* good hardness compared to other elastomers
* tough
* electrical insulator
* good cold resistance
111
Elastomers:
Uses of natural rubber
* automotive industry such as tyres
* tube
* hoses
* gaskets
* belts
* balloons
* toys
* footwear
112
what are composites?
a material comprised of two or more different materials, resulting in a material with enhanced properties
composites can be:
* fibre-based (CFRP, GRP, Fibre concrete)
* particle-based (tungsten carbine, concrete)
* sheet-based ( aluminium composite board, engineered wood)
113
what are examples of composites?
* Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP)
* Glass fibre-reinforced plastic (GRP)
* Medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
* Hardboard
* chip-board
* plywood
114
Composites:
Properties of Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP)
* Lightweight
* Corrosion-resistant
* tough
* hard
* good compressive strength
* low thermal expansion
115
Composites:
Uses of Carbon fibre (CFRP)
* Sports equipment ie bicycle frames
* tennis racquets
* fishing rods
* racing car bodies and parts
* helmets
* prosthetics
116
Composites:
Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP)
* Lightweight
* corrosion-resistant
* tough
* hard
* low thermal expansion
* good compressive strength
117
Composites:
Uses of Glass Fibre (GRP)
* Boat hulls
* pond liners
* kayak shells
* sports car bodies and parts
* locomotive train cabs
118
what are papers and boards?
compliant materials. this means they can be scored, folded and cut with basic tooling to form items such as nets for packaging.
119
what are types of papers and boards?
* drawing paper
* commercial printing papers
* boards
120
what are examples of drawing papers?
* layout paper
* cartridge paper
* tracing paper
* copier paper
121
drawing papers:
Properties of layout paper
* thin
* translucent
* smooth surface
122
drawing papers:
Uses of layout paper
* sketching
* quick ink
* technical drawing
* tracing
123
drawing papers:
Properties of tracing paper
* translucent
* slightly thicker than layout
124
drawing papers:
Uses of Tracing paper
* copying images when sketching
125
drawing papers:
Properties of Copier paper
* smooth
* bright white to show print clearly
* uncoated surface
* takes colour well
* cheap
* readily available
126
drawing papers:
Uses of Copier paper
* printing
* photocopying
127
drawing papers:
Properties of cartridge paper
* off-white
* slightly textured
* thick
* heavier than copier
128
drawing papers:
Uses of cartridge paper
* For all colour mediums
129
what are examples of commercial printing papers?
* bond
* coated
130
Commercial printing papers:
Properties of Bond
* characterized by a degree of stiffness
* durability for repeated handling and filing
* resistance to penetration and spreading of ink
* bright colour
* cleanliness
* there are two types
131
Commercial printing papers:
types of bond paper
* rag content pulp
* chemical wood pulp
132
Commercial printing papers:
Properties of Rag Content Pulp
* vary from 25 to 100% cotton content.
133
Commercial printing papers:
Uses of bond papers
* leatherhead stationery
* advertising pieces
* leases
* deeds
* writs
* judgements and other legal documents
* currency
* certificates
* insurance policies
134
Commercial printing papers:
Properties of Coated papers
* The coating process limits the amount of ink and moisture that the paper can absorb
* more opaque
* resistant to wear and dirt and hence less liable to finger marking
* less white
135
Commercial printing papers:
Uses of coated
* magazine
* catalogue
* high resolution images
136
what are examples of boards?
* corrugated card
* foam board
* mount board
* foil-lined card
* folding boxboard
137
boards:
Properties of Mounting board
* Hard
* tough
* durable
* biodegradable
138
boards:
uses of Mounting board
* presenting artwork
* picture mounting
* modelling
139
boards:
properties of corrugated card
* usually with carbon outer layers and a corrugated middle
* provides protection against impact
* strong
* hard
* tough
* durable
* biodegradable
140
boards:
uses of corrugated card/board
* protective packaging
* model making
* prototyping ideas
* food packaging such as take away boxes
141
Boards:
properties of foam board
* durable
* recyclable
* low water absorption
* light weight
142
Boards:
uses of foam boards
* picture mounting
* mood board backing
* presentation boards
* modelling
143
Boards:
properties of Foil-lined board
* strong
* hard
* tough
* durable
144
Boards:
uses of Foil-lined board
* milk cartons
* drink packages
145
Boards:
properties of Folding boxboard
* strong
* hard
* tough
* durable
146
Boards:
uses of folding boxboard
* general carton applications
* food packaging
147
what is meant by smart materials?
a material whose physical properties change in response to an input or charge in the environment, such as electricity, pressure, temperature or light
148
what are examples of smart materials?
* thermo-ceramics
* shape memory alloys (SMA)
* reactive glass
* liquid crystal displayed (LCD)
* photo-chromatic materials
* Thermo-chromatic materials
* quantum tunneling composites
149
Smart Materials:
Properties of Thermo-ceramics
* high heat resistance
* high strength
* doesn't expand or deform
* stable material
* hard
* durable
* lightweight
150
Smart Materials:
Uses of Thermo-Ceramics
* Turbine blades
* Automotive parts
* High-quality skateboard bearings
* Metal cutting tools
151
Smart Materials:
Properties of Shape memory alloys (SMA)
* Shape memory effect
* superelasticity
* elastic deformation
* good conductivity
* strong
* malleable
* ductile
* durable
152
Smart Materials:
Uses of shape memory alloys (SMA)
* dental wire
* eyewear frames
* aerospace air flaps
153
Smart Materials:
Properties of Reactive glass
* highly conductive
* tough
* durable
* retains heat
154
Smart Materials:
Uses of Reactive glass
* welding masks
* goggles
* windows
155
Smart Materials:
Properties of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)
* good conductivity
* good plasticity
* malleable
* hard
* tough
* durable
156
Smart Materials:
Uses of liquid crystal displays
* tv screens
* smartphones
* laptops
157
Smart Materials:
Properties of Photochromic materials
* good plasticity
* malleable
* durable
* colour changes with light intensity
158
Smart Materials:
Uses of photochromic materials
* welding
* clothing industry
159
Smart Materials:
Properties of thermochromic materials
* good plasticity
* malleable
* durable
* colour changes with temperature
160
Smart Materials:
Uses of thermochromic materials
* food packaging
* colour changing mugs
* colour changing kettles
161
Smart Materials:
Properties of quantum tunnelling composites
* strong
* elastic
* plastic
* malleable
* hard
* tough
* durable
162
Smart Materials:
Uses of quantum tunnelling composites
* switches on power tools
163
What are textiles?
a type of cloth or woven fabric.
164
What are examples of types of textiles?
* Natural fibres
* Manmade fibres
* Textile treatments
165
What are examples of Natural fibres?
* Cotton
* Linen
* Wool
166
What are examples of manmade fibres?
* Nylon
* Polypropylene
* Polyester
167
What are examples of textile treatments?
* Flame resistant
* Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
168
