Material properties Flashcards

(72 cards)

1
Q

Material working properties (7)

A

-Hardness
-Ductility
-Elasticity
-Density
-Toughness
-Malleability
-Strength

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2
Q

Hardness

A

The ability to withstand scratching, denting and abrasion
e.g. oak: flooring, furniture
tools that cut: files, drills

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3
Q

Ductility

A

Materials that can be stretched into a wire
e.g. copper: copper wires

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4
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability to be stretched and return to the original shape
e.g. elastane: lycra sportswear

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5
Q

Density

A

A material’s mass per unit volume
e.g. lead: shield for x-rays

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6
Q

Toughness

A

Materials that are hard to break or snap
e.g. kevlar: bullet proof vests

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7
Q

Malleability

A

Being able to bend or shape easily
e.g. sheet metal (steel/silver): car body panels

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8
Q

Strength

A

A material’s ability to withstand a constant force without breaking
e.g. woven wool: clothing

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9
Q

Forces used to test strength (5)

A

-Compression (push into a material)
-Shear (compress the material from different places)
-Tension (pull the material apart)
-Bending (tension on one side, compression on the other)
-Torsion (twisting the material in opposite directions)

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10
Q

Material physical properties (5)

A

-Absorbency
-Resistance to moisture
-Thermal conductivity
-Electrical conductivity
-Fusibility

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11
Q

Absorbency

A

The material’s ability to soak up or retain liquid
e.g. paper: paper towels, tissues

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12
Q

Resistance to moisture

A

The material’s ability to prevent liquid and moisture permeating its surface
e.g. PVC (a polymer): waterproof coats

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13
Q

Thermal conductivity

A

How easily heat energy can pass through a material
e.g. aluminium: foil, pots and pans

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14
Q

Electrical conductivity

A

How easily electrical energy can pass through a material
e.g. copper: electrical wires, circuits

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15
Q

Fusibility

A

How easily a material’s state can be altered to become a liquid
e.g. silver: jewellery, solder

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16
Q

Metal properties

A

-Strong
-Malleable
-Good electrical and thermal conductors
-Not very fusible (high melting point)

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17
Q

Non-metal properties

A

-Brittle
-Not always solid at room temp
-Poor electrical conductors
-Dull looking
-Less dense

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18
Q

Alloys

A

A mixture of two or more metals
-Developed to have a specific set of properties

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19
Q

Types of paper (5)

A

-Cartridge paper: high quality, textured suface
-Layout paper: thin, translucent
-Tracing paper: semi-transparent
-Grid paper: square or isometric pattern
-Bleed-proof paper: ink doesn’t spread

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20
Q

Types of boards (6)

A

-Solid white board: high quality, bleached surface for printing, used for primary packaging
-Ink jet card: ink doesn’t bleed
-Corrugated card: layer of triangles (fluted inner core) between two layers of card, strong and rigid
-Duplex board: different colour and texture on each side, used for food packaging
-Foam core board: polystyrene foam sandwiched between 2 thin layers of card, lightweight, used to make models
-Foil lined card: lined with aluminium foil, used to package food, keeps food warm

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21
Q

Softwood definition and examples

A

Usually evergreen trees grown in cooler climates. Grow fast so readily accessible and cheap.
-Pine
-Larch
-Spruce

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22
Q

Hardwood definition and examples

A

Grown in warm climates and are slow growing making them expensive. Deciduous (lose leaves) with a tighter grain which is appealing.
-Oak
-Mahogany
-Beech
-Balsa
-Ash

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23
Q

Pine

A

SOFTWOOD
Yellow with brown streaks
Properties: strong, cheap, knotty so hard to work with
Uses: telegraph poles, fences, cheap furniture

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24
Q

Larch

A

SOFTWOOD
Attractive yellow/reddish-brown
Properties: hard, tough, durable, resistant to rotting
Uses: cladding for buildings, fence posts

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25
Spruce
SOFTWOOD Reddish brown Properties: hard, good strength to weight ratio, knotty, not durable Uses: aircrafts and ship masts
26
Oak
HARDWOOD Light brown Properties: tough, durable, very strong, attractive grain Uses: flooring and furniture Can corrode steal
27
Mahogany
HARDWOOD Deep red-brown Properties: durable, easy to work with, expensive Uses: high quality furniture
28
Beech
HARDWOOD Pinkish-brown Properties: hard enough to resist dents, can be bent using steam Uses: chairs, toys
29
Balsa
HARDWOOD White or tan Properties: very soft, easy to cut or shape, very low density Uses: modelling
30
Ash
HARDWOOD Pale cream Properties: tough, absorbs shock Uses: tool handles, sports equipment, furniture
31
Ferrous metals
Contain IRON. Most are magnetic, prone to corrosion. The more carbon in a metal, the harder and less malleable it becomes -Cast iron -Low carbon steal -High carbon steal
32
Non-ferrous metals
Don't contain iron. Good resistance to corrosion, malleable, not magnetic -Aluminium -Copper -Zinc -Tin
33
Cast iron
FERROUS Properties: very strong if compressed, brittle, not malleable Uses: Bench vices, manhole covers
34
Low carbon steel (mild steel)
FERROUS Properties: quite strong, cheap, rusts, can't be hardened Uses: car bodies, nails, nuts, bolts
35
High carbon steel (tool steel)
FERROUS Properties: hard, can be hardened, not easy to work with, rusts Uses: tools e.g. saws, drills
36
Aluminium
NON-FERROUS Properties: lightweight, corrosion-resistant, expensive, hard to join Uses: aeroplanes, ladders
37
Copper
NON-FERROUS Properties: relatively soft, ductile, good electrical conductor Uses: electrical wiring, pipes
38
Tin
NON-FERROUS Properties: soft, corrosion-resistant, malleable, ductile, low melting point Uses: foil, tin cans
39
Zinc
NON-FERROUS Properties: not very strong, corrosion-resistant Uses: coating steek e.g. watering cans, nails
40
Alloys
One or more elements combined with a metal -Brass -Stainless steel -Pewter
41
Stainless steel
ALLOY iron + carbon + chromium + nickel -Cast iron is strong but rusts easily -Adding chromium and nickel increases strength, toughness, ductility and rust Uses: surgical equipment, cutlery
42
Brass
ALLOY copper + zinc Properties: quite strong, corrosion resistant, malleable, ductile, nice colour Uses: electrical parts, door handles
43
Thermoforming plastics (polymers)
Easily formed into different shapes by heating, melting and remoulding. This makes them easy to reuse (recyclable). -Acrylic -High density polyethene (HDPE) -Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) -High impact polystyrene (HIPS) -Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) -Polypropylene
44
Acrylic
THERMOFORMING Properties: hard, stiff, shiny, resists weather well, brittle Uses: helmet visors, road signs
45
HDPE
THERMOFORMING Properties: stiff, strong, lightweight Uses: washing up bowls, folding chairs
46
PET
THERMOFORMING Properties: Impermeable to water, light, strong, tough Uses: see-through drink bottles
47
HIPS
THERMOFORMING Properties: Rigid, cheap Uses: vacuum forming e.g. CD cases, smoke detector casings
48
PVC
THERMOFORMING Properties: Quite brittle, cheap, durable Uses: window frames, vinyl records
49
Polypropylene
THERMOFORMIMG Properties: Tough, flexible, made in a variety of colours Uses: Plastic chairs
50
Thermosetting plastics (polymers)
Can't be melted and reshaped: they undergo a chemical change when heated and become permanently hard and rigid. Can't be reused (non-recyclable). -Epoxy resin -Urea-formaldehyde (UF) -Melamine-formaldehyde (MF) -Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) -Polyester resin
51
Epoxy resin
THERMOSETTING Properties: durable, rigid, corrosion resistant, electrical insulator Uses: circuit boards, wind turbine rotor blades
52
UF
THERMOSETTING Properties: hard, brittle, good electrical conductor Uses: plug sockets, cupboard handles
53
MF
THERMOSETTING Properties: strong, scratch-resistant Uses: laminate chipboard, plates and bowls
54
PF
THERMOSETTING Properties: hard, heat resistant, easily moulded Uses: snooker balls, bottle caps
55
Polyester resin
THERMOSETTING Properties: hard, stiff, cheap, good electrical insulator, waterproof Uses: kayaks, shower stalls
56
Natural fibres (textiles)
Come from natural sources (plants or animals). Renewable, biodegradable and recyclable so fairly sustainable. -Cotton -Wool -Silk
57
Cotton
NATURAL - from cotton plants Properties: smooth, comfortable, cool in hot weather but can shrink when washed, creases easily, poor elasticity Uses: Jeans, T-shirts, blouses
58
Wool
NATURAL - from sheeps' coats Properties: soft or coarse, warm, good elasticity, crease-resistant but can shrink when washed, dries slowly, can feel itchy, expensive Uses: Jumpers, carpets
59
Silk
NATURAL - from silk worms Properties: very smooth and glossy, resistant to shrinking, good drape, sun resistant, lightweight but weak when wet, creases easily, expensive Uses: lingerie, pyjamas, dresses
60
Synthetic fibres (textiles)
Made from polymers, mainly from oil and coal so not very sustainable. Have many different properties but not very absorbent so hard to dye. -Elastane -Polyester -Polyamide
61
Elastane
SYNTHETIC Properties: soft, extremely elastic, lightweight, strong but high flammability Uses: in lycra e.g. sportswear
62
Polyester
SYNTHETIC Properties: smooth, strong, hard wearing, cheap, resists creases, dries fast but melts as it burns Uses: bed sheets, sportswear, tablecloths
63
Polyamide
SYNTHETIC Properties: strong, warm, fairly cheap but damaged by sunlight and melts as it burns Uses: in nylon e.g. sportswear, tights
64
Woven fabrics
Made by interlacing two sets of yarns (crossing one over and under the other)
65
Knitted fabrics
Made by interlocking one or more yarns together using loops. The loops trap air so they insulate. They stretch more than woven fabrics.
66
Non-woven fabrics
Layers of fibres held together by bonding of felting. They don't fray and can be cut in any direction so there is little waste however they don't stretch and aren't very strong.
67
Blending (fibres in textiles)
Two or more different fibres are combined to make a yarn. The yarn is then woven or knitted to make a blended fabric.
68
Mixing (fibres in textiles)
Made up of two different types of yarn that are woven or knitted together to make a mixed fabric.
69
Manufactured boards
Processed pieces of wood are combined with glue and compressed into panels.
70
Medium density fibreboard (MDF)
-Made from fibres of softwood timber -No natural grain -Cheap, dense, smooth uniform surface that takes finishes well. -Porous so can be damaged by moisture -Used for shelves and flat-pack furniture
71
Plywood
-Several layers of softwood or hardwood glued together with their grain at RIGHT ANGLES to one another -This structure makes it very strong -Used for building and furniture
72
Chipboard
-Made by compressing wood chips, shavings and sawdust together with glue -Usually finished with a veneered surface to make it more appealing -Cheap but not very strong -Absorbent so easily damaged by moisture -Used in cheap self-assembly furniture