Materials For Construction Flashcards by Emillie De Asis

most prevalent raw material
unique and valuable
distinct advantage to feasibility

Wood

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-Timber Sawn
- split in the form of beams, boards, joists, planks

Lumber

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Coniferous or cone bearing, needle leafed

Softwood

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Deciduous or broad leafed trees. From flowering plants

Hardwood

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most expensive philippine wood
high grade furniture &cabinet

Narra

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Hardwood used for posts and girders

Yakal and Guijo

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Softwood used for panelings, sidings and furniture

Pine Benguet

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Most common lumber in the market
- for framing, joists, trusses, nailers

Tanguile

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For framings, chests, jewel boxes

White and Red Lauan

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Has distinct dark grains. Hardwood for chests, jewel boxes and stair frames

Kamagong

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Used for paneling and plywood veneer
- high grade furniture and cabinet

Dao

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similar to pine, used for paneling

Almaciga

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Used for saints

Baticulin

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reddish brown
coarse texture
medium grade beams, girders, rafters, chords, purlins

Apitong

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Imported wood that is grayish brown to reddish brown. Has great wear resistance

Oak

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Imported wood that has creamy white to reddish brown.
- heavy hard, strong and stiff: good shock resistance

Maple

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Important properties for timber
1. S_______________
2. W_______
3. D_______
4. C_____
5. B____________
6. G___________
7. G________
8. F________
9.R_________to W_________ and I__________

Strength and related properties of toughness, rigidity and hardness
Workablity
Drying properties and its tendency in Shrinking and Swelling
Color
Bending properties
Grain structure and figure pattern
Gluing properties
Finishing
9.Resistance to Weathering and Insect damage

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Grains running in the same direction

Straight grain

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Grains in successive layer in opposite direction

Inter-locked grain

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Constantly changing in orientation so that a line drawn parallel to their direction appears as wavy line

Wavy or Curly grain

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Methods of Drying wood
1. N________
2. K_________
3. W________

Natural Drying
Kiln Drying
Water Seasoning

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Large sizes of those used for joists and beams

Timber

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1 1/2 to 4 inches thick of wood

Plank

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1/2 to 1 1/2 inches thick

Boards

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Lumber is free from knots or sapwood

Clear

Lumber is planed smooth

Dressed, Surfaced, Sized

Lumber is planed on two sides

S2S

Lumber is planed on two sides and one edge

S3S

Lumber is planed on four sides

S4S

T&G

Tongue and groove

B.M.

Board measure

B.F

Board feet

Unit of measurement for lumber

Board Feet

L x W x THK(inch) _______________________ 12

Board feet formula

After the lumber is planed/ dressed -5 = < 80 > = -10

Actual size of lumber

A piece of wood before S1S,S2S,S4S

Nominal Size

12 inches wide, 1 inch thick and 1 foot long - nominal size of a dressed lumber

Board Foot

A straight- grained log is not sawn along its vertical axis

Diagonal Grain

Trees grow twisted, spiral-grained logs are produced. Fibers follow a spiral course with a twist that is either left or right handed

Spiral Grain

Board fibers run approximately parallel with the vertical axis of the log

Straight Grain

This type of grain results wen the direction of wood fibers has constantly changed

Wavy Grain

Board of this type has fibers at direction that are varying and irregular from the log’s vertical axis

Irregular Grain

Boards with this grain result from trees whose fibers lined up in opposite directions in each growth

Interlocked Grain

When wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings

Plain/Tangential or Flat Grain

When board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings

Quarter or Radial Grain

When board is cut across the grain

End grain

- most common method of sawing lumber - produces the highest quantity of usable lumber - shows flat grain on their faces and quarter grain on the edges

Plain Sawing

- cuts the log in quarters then slice each quarter into boards - shows mostly quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on the edges

Quarter Sawing

- Sawing through and through - shows mostly mixed grain - flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges

Live Saw

- natural shrinkage of wood - seasonal checks, insects and fungal attack - artificial defect- incorrect sawing or seasoning

Wood Defect

- softer, younger outer portion of a tree -permeable, less durable, lighter in color - pores that permits liquid can pass through

Sapwood

- older, harder central portion of a tree - denser, less permeable and more durable - close and pocketed

Heartwood

Natural Defect: Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during drying

Checks

Natural Defect: Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth

Shakes

Natural Defect: Irregular growths in the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of the grain

Knots

Natural Defect: Well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch

Pitchpockets

Natural Defect: The lack of wood on the edge or corner of a place

Wane

Natural Defect: Caused buy the attack of fungi

Decay

Artificial Defect: Planks hollow across the width of, may be the effect of incorrect piling.

Cupping or rounding

Artificial Defects: Plank is curved like a bow along its length

Bowing

Artificial Defects: Also called as edge-bend

Springing

Artificial Defects: The long edges are straight but the diagonals are curved

Twisting or Winding

Plane surface of the piece caused by unequal shrinkage of the board

Warping

Lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size

Dressed Lumber

Lumber that is saw, edged and trimmed but not surfaced

Rough Lumber

Lumber that is 2”thick and less than 8” wide

Strips

- lessens the liability of the wood to be attacked by the fungi causing blueing and decay, and by some wood-boring insects - reduction of weight - increased strength - minimum shrinkage - reduced checking and warping - increased nail-holding power of the wood - improvement of the wood for the application of paint and receive wood preservatives

Advantages of seasoned lumber

- greater reduction in weight - control of moisture content to any desirable value - reduction in drying time - killing of any fungi or insects - less degrade (loss in quality during seasoning of the lumber

Advantages of Kiln Drying

Molave, ipil, yakal and etc.

Posts and other parts requiring strength and durability

Molave, ipil, yakal, guijo, apitong, bakauan

Post placed on top of concrete piers 30cm. Above ground lines

Yakal, narig, guijo, ipil, apitong

Beams, girders, rafters, chords, purlins

Applied to wood for its protection and enhance its grain structure, or its wood appearance

Wood finishes

Classifications of wood finishes 1. T_______ 2. T_______ 3. O______

Transparent Transluscent Opaque

Enhances the charm of natural wood grain

Transparent

Finishes that the wood absorbs; soaks into the wood to provide a natural feel

Penetrating Finishes

Wraps around the surface; a protective coat which seals the wood pores against harmful elements

Surface Coating

- Resin + Ethyl Alcohol - forms a glossy film on the wood surface - also called Japanning

Lacquer

- Oil + Resis - resins are dissolved in oil or alcohol spirit - natural: made from gums from plants, vegetable and insects - synthetic: made from synthetic resin, or esterified glycerine

Varnish

- Lac flakes + Denatured alcohol - spirit varnish - lac flakes are secreted by an insect onto trees

Shellac

Type of finish may be achieved by boiling linseed oil or other oils

Oil Stain Finish

- transparent plastic finish made out of polyhydric alcohol esterfied with oleic linoleic, palmetic and fatty acids and mineral spirits - moisture and oil free - tough, hard, flexible finish - highly resistant to dirt retention chipping, solvents, detergents, acids, hot and cold water

Polyurethane finish

Acids or chlorine are applied, these are called bleaching agents.

Bleach finish

Type of bleach finish that is: - comparatively weak - excellent for removing chemicals, dyes,ink, water stains from the wood surface

Chlorinated Laundry beach

Type of bleach finish that is: - best bleach to use on natural wood colors

Oxallic Acid

Type of bleach finish that is: -fairly expensive and extremely strong - can bring out really light tones on dark wood

Two-solution bleaches

Contains oil plus natural synthetic resins

Oleoresinous Varnish

contains solvents plus natural synthetic resins. * Shellac falls under this group

Spirit varnish

Made up of cellulose derivatives, resins, gums, volatile solvents as medium, softeners and pigments. Pigments may be introduced in the mixture in a wide variety of colors resulting to an opaque lacquer finish

Clear Lacquer

Achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol.

Wax or Film finish

Dyes or pigments suspended in water or oil. It alters coloring of the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grain

Wood Stain finish

Finishes which provide protection and decoration

Opaque finishes

Solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle which is applied to surface, providing protection, sanitation and decoration

Enamels or Paints

Simulates appearances which are natural.

Decorative and Fanciful finishes

- made up of four ingredients

Paints and Enamels

A fine, soluble substance suspended in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to paint - White ___- white lead, titanium, oxide, or lithopane - Colored ____-derived from minerals and clay - Extenders - talc, silica

Pigment

Non- volatile fluid where the solid body is suspended - drying oils - linseed oil, fish oil, soybean oil - varnish

Vehicles

A volatile liquid used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired consistency for ease in application - turpentine, mineral spirits and benzene gasoline

Thinners

Added to the paint in order to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle.

Driers

Thin sheet of wood of wood made either through sawing, slicing , or peeling from a log cut to a given measurement - thickness 0.1mm to 0.6mm

Wood Veneers

Made of veneer sheets which are glued together

Plywood

Series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of vneer or thin plywood

Plyboards

Wood chips are mixed with resin glue and pressed to sheets to uniform thickness Also called chipboard

Particle Board

High density fiber Usually used for drawer bottoms and back panels

Fiber Boards

For office furniture and kitchen cabinets

Melamine board

Term for panel manufactured woodsheet primarily from interfelted lignocellulose fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in hot press

Hardboard

Climbing palm with numerous thorns or spines ,hairs, and bristles scattered all over the plant

Rattan

Classification of Rattan - specie with a diameter of 25mm and over

Palasan

Classification of Rattan - specie with a diameter of 15mm to 24mm

Tumalim

Classification of Rattan - specie with less than 15mm diameter - usually glossy, flexible, bright yellow. - superior than panlis

Sika

Classification of Rattan - specie with less than 15mm diameter and has inferior quality

Panlis

Method of Bending Rattan that: - stems are cut into the required size and placed in steam compartment for 10 minutes

Steam bending

Method of Bending Rattan that: - rattan parts are heated directly yhrough a heated piece of metal

Blow torch

Method of Bending Rattan that: - By S_____ on H______

By soaking on hot water

Woody grass used in a variety of ways ranging from food to housing materials, furniture and handicraft products

Bamboo

Specie of bamboo commonly used for furniture making 1. K______ 2. K______ 3. B______ 4. B______

Kawayang tink Kawayang kiling Bayog Botong

Largest palm in the philippines reaching a height of 20m high. This palm tree is a rich source of raw materials

Buri

Barrel chairs Love seats Peacock chair Stools Book and display stands Headboards Coffee and end tables Plant holders Lampshades Dividers and wall decorations

Furniture made from buri

- important upholstery material for furniture - local tanners get it mostly from water buffalos - hides is from: cows, carabaos, horses - skin is from: calves, sheep, goats, pigs, alligators - kips is from: reptiles such as snakes and lizards - glazed finish- glass rubbed over = suede - grain finish- hand rubbing till smooth

Leather

- coconut - cocoshell - glass and stone - tempered - marble - wicker

Other furniture materials

Long chain of molecular structures evolved from common elements

Plastics

The necessary degree of polymerization have been achieved. Becomes soft when heated and hardened when cooled samples: - (PE)polyethlene - (PVC) polyvinyl chloride - Polystyrene - Acrylics - Nylon - Polypropylene - Vinyl

Thermoplastic

Polymerization has been arrested at a stage, which produces relatively short chain molecules. Hardened by chemical action that takes place in the presence of heat. Once set, heat does not cause softening so that the set form is almost permanent. sample: - Epoxy - Laminates - Phenolics - Polyurethane - Fiberglass - Polyesters - Urethane

Thermosetting

Both polyurethane isocyanate and polystyrene can be foamed with a suitable gassing agents to form rigid shell-structures

Rigid Foam Plastics

Characteristic of plastic foam - high thermal resistance - low water absorption - good adhesion

Polyurethane

Characteristic of plastic foam - low resistance for given thickness - good thermal stability - core material of sandwich panels

Phenolic Foam

Characteristic of plastic foam - high thermal resistance - low mechanical strength - high water absorption - cavity for wall insulation

Urea- formaldehyde

Characteristic of plastic foam - good insulation - high strength - good chemical and moisture resistance - high cost - spray applications for storage tanks and vessels

Epoxy

Fiber material for it can be hold drawn to five times its original strength, thus straightening the chain molecules and imparting great strength and wear resistance

Nylon

Familiarly known as Formica, Wilson Art, Consulweld etc.

Decorative Plastic Laminates

- also called melamine - thinner, less durable - less expensive

Low-Pressure Plastic Laminate

Expensive but with a durable color finish sprayed on cabinetry usually over an MDF substrate. Most durable of all gloss finishes

Polyester

Thermal- activated vinyl composition that forms to any configurations with heat and glue. Shrink wraps the entire door

Thermafoil

Layers of compressed resin and paper are adhered to a substrate.

High Pressure Laminate

Composed mainly of iron with small addition of other metals

Ferrous metals

Iron with traces of silicate. It is easily worked and is tough and ductile.

Wrought iron

Iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon, sulfur

Cast iron

Iron with up to 0.3 per cent carbon

Mud steel

Steel with chromium and nickel

Stainless Steel

Composition varies by addition of different elements such as nickel, chromium, copper and manganese to molten steel

Tool and Alloy steel

High resistance to corrosion

Copper bearing steel

Contains little to no iron

Non-Ferrous metal

Lustrous, silver- white, magnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable, has good thermal end electrical conductivity

Aluminum

Pure metal. Lustrous, reddish-brown metal; highly ductile and malleable

Copper

Pure metal

Zinc

Pure metal. Lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point and is relatively unaffected by exposure to air

Tin

Combination of two or more metals

Alloys

Copper with Tin

Bronze

Aluminum with copper and other metals

Duralumin

Copper with zinc

Brass

Properties of metal: - slow hardening process, which takes place to certain alloys

Age-hardening

Properties of metal that: - ability to break under a sharp blow

Brittleness

Properties of metal that: - capacity to transmit heat and electricity

Conductivity

Properties of metal that: - ability to be stretched into fine wire without fracture

Ductility

Properties of metal that: - ability to regain original shape after deformation

Elasticity

Properties of metal that: - property of becoming liquid when heated

Fusibility

Properties of metal that: - resistance to deformation

Hardness

Properties of metal that: - capacity to be extended in all directions without fracturing by rolling, hammering or beating

Malleability

Properties of metal that: - resistance to a pulling force

Tenacity or cohesion

Properties of metal that: - hardening of metal while it is being hammered or bent

Work- Hardening

Method in which a coating material is applied on a metallic substrate. Cleaning and chemical pre-treatment on one side or single and multiple applications of liquid or powder coating materials

Coating (organic)

Non- metallic coating: - coating with a non-transparent formulation

Painting/ Enameling

Non- metallic coating: - coating with a formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent

Lacquering

Continuous coating of metal strip

Coil Coating

Single coating of any type with no particular requirements for appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, etc.

Backing Coat

Treatment of metal with chemical solutions by dipping or spraying to build up an oxide film containing chromates or phosphates

Chemical conversion coating

Application of a priming paint often pigmented with a corrosion inhibitor such as zinc chromate, after suitable treatment

Priming

Application of a solution containing a resin, a chromate and an acid, which is allowed to dry on and provide the key for subsequent painting

Pretreatment painting

Single coating or a primer

Single coating system

System comprising a primer or a base coat and a top coat

Multiple coat system

Dry paint film of the coated product or the organic film metal laminate

Organic Coating

Organic film applied to a substrate to which an adhesive and if, appropriate, a primer has been applied beforehand

Film Coating

Process of applying a thin coating of an expensive anti-corrosive metal - chrome, nickel, bronze, silver, zinc plate

Metallic Coating

Chemical treatment to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface

Chemical Brightening

Polishing of a metal surface by immersion in a solution of chemical reagents

Chemical Polishing

Removal of oil or grease, usually by a suitable organic solvent or an aqueous detergent

Degreasing

Roughening of the surface of a metal by overall or selective dissolution in acid or caustic media

Etching

Removal of a thin surface layer of a metal by chemical action

Pickling

Electrochemical treatment to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface

Electrochemical Brightening

Polishing of a metal surface by making it anodic in an appropriate electrolyte

Electropolishing

Metal with an anodic coating, produced by an electrolytic oxidation process in which metal is converted to a mainly oxide coating

Anodized metal

Metal with a substantially colorless, translucent anodic oxidation coating

Clear Anodized metal

Anodized metal colored anodizing or coloring process

Color anodized Metal

Metal that has been anodize using an appropriate electrolyte which produces a colored coating

Integral Color Anodized metal

Metal with an anodic oxidation coating that has been colored by the electrolytic deposition of a metal oxide into the pore structure

Electrolytically Colored Anodized metal

Metal with anodic oxidation coating colored by absorption of dye-stuff or pigments into the pore structure

Dyed Anodized metal

Metal with an anodic oxidation coating that is colored by electrolytic coloring followed by absorption dyeing

Combination color Anodized Metal

Metal with an anodic oxidation coating colored by means of optical interference effects

Interference Color Anodized metal

Anodized metal with a high specular reflectance as the primary characteristic

Bright Anodized metal

Anodizing where protection against corrosion or wear is the primary characteristic and appearance is secondary or of no importance

Protective Anodizing

Anodizing where a decorative finish with a uniform or aesthetically pleasing appearance is the primary characteristic

Decorative Anodizing

Anodizing to produce an architectural finish to be used in permanent, exterior. And static situations where both appearance and long life are important

Architectural anodizing

Anodized metal on which the anodic oxidation coating has been produced with wear or abrasion resistance is the primary characteristic

Hard Anodized metal

Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to reduce porosity and the absorption capacity of the coating by hydrothermal carried processes carried out after anodizing

Sealing

Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to plug the pores and reduce the absorption capacity of the coating by chemical processes carries out at low temperatures after anodizing

Cold impregnation

The part of the product covered or the be covered by the coating and for which the coating is essential for serviceability and/or appearance

Significant surface

Process of using colored powder that is given a positive electric charge. The finished surface will not corrode from the elements, which makes them ideal for exterior applications

Powder-coating

-raising, molding or carving a surface design in relief

Embossing

To carve, cut designs in metal

Engraving

Process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create design

Etching

A technique used to work metal into a raised design or pattern by sinking the front surface

Chasing

Heating metal to restore it to its softest possible working state

Annealing

Treating steel to improve its corrosion - resistance. Metal is heated to create an oxide skin, the quenched in oil

Bluing

Production of metal shapes by poring molten metal into moulds

Casting

Forcing malleable materials through holes to produce bars, sections or tubes

Extruding

Shaping hot metal by hammering

Forging

Producing hardness in high carbon steel by heating it to bright cherry red, then quenching water on brine

Hardening

Forming metal sheet of ductile metal is forced over a wood or metal form

Spinning

Forming sheet metal to shape with a press tool

Pressing

Removing some brittleness from steel after it has been hardened

Tempering

Pulling ductile metals through holes in a plate, to reduce their cross-sectional areas

Drawing

Made by drilling a hole in the pieces of metal to be joined, then inserting and fastening nuts and bolts, rivets or screws.

Mechanical method

Are methods of making permanent connection in metals by applying a molten alloy between the joint faces

Soldering and Brazing

An extremely strong means of joining metals

Welding

Alloy whose main base is tin with small amount of other metal usually antimony, copper, lead or zinc

Pewter

A white metallic element is sonorous ,ductile, very malleable, and capable of a high degree of polish

Silver

The chief components are iron and carbon

Steel

A soft crystalline silvery metal with brilliant luster. Extremely malleable and may be rolled into thin sheets

Tin

A metal resembling silicon is an important structural metal essential in desalinization plants, space vehicles and jets

Titanium

A bluish crystalline metallic element. Used to galvanize the steel for automobiles, appliances and etc.

Zinc

- leather and leatherette - upholstery fabric - katcha or muslin fabric - jute sack - foam rubber - piping cord - non-sag spring - coil-spring - cotton/abaca twine - sewing thread - tacks and nails - kapok - coconut husk - feathers

Common materials used for upholstery

- blow molding - calendering - casting - compression molding - fabrication - heat sealing - laminating - reinforcement

Production techniques used for Plastic

- clear gloss lacquer - dead flat lacquer - lacquer thinner - lacquer flo - wood bleach - wood filler - sanding sealer - wood stain - varnish - finishing oil - glazing putty - paint - paint thinner - tinting color

Materials for wood finishes

- knobs, pull, handles - hinges - locks - escutcheon and escutcheon plate - sliding fittings - drawer glides - knock down fittings - screws, bolts and nuts - glider and glider tack - rollers and ball casters

Some finishing hardware and metal fittings

Materials For Construction Flashcards

(223 cards)