Maternal

Question 1

Assessment of musculoskeletal

Answer 1

Bone radiography
Bone scan (scintigraphy)
Electromyography
Bone Biopsy
Muscle Biopsy
Arthroscopy
Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 2

-Specialized radiology
-Identify areas physical and chemical changes
-Follow progress of treatment

Answer 2

Bone Scan (scintigraphy)

Question 3

-Measure muscle response/ electrical activity-> nerve’s
-one or small needles(electrodes) inserted through the skin

Answer 3

Electromyography

Question 4

-removal of small piece of of muscle tissue for examination
-removal of a plug of tissue by needle, used for examination
-sometimes more than one is needed to obtain large specimen

Answer 4

Muscle biopsy

Question 5

-small bone sample removed from outer layer of bones opposite to bone marrow in which the innermost layer part of bone
-sample retains architecture of bine when seen histopathological examination slide

Answer 5

Bone biopsy

Question 6

Surgical procedure of orthopedic surgeon
-visualize and treat problems inside a joint
-diagnose and treat joint problems
-inserts a narrow tube attached to a fiber optic video camera through a small incision (buttonhole)
-view transmitted to a high definition video monitor

Answer 6

Arthroscopy

Question 7

-examine bones, joints & soft tissues
-cartilage muscles, tendons
-injuries, structural abnormalities inflammatory disease, congenital abnormalities, osteoporosis ocslerosis, bone marrow disease and herniation

Answer 7

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Question 8

-pigeon toe
-result of foot, tibial, femoral or hip displacement
-feet point inward while walking

Answer 8

Toeing-in

Question 9

-relaxation of longitudinal arch of foot
Factors:
-obesity
- injury to foot or ankle
-rheumatoid arthritis
Aging
-diabetes

Answer 9

Flat feet (pes planus)

Question 10

-opposite of genu varum
- medial knees touch and medial aurface of ankle melleoli are separated more than 3 inches

Causes
-increased vascularity occurs during fracture healing resulting in medial metaphyseal overgrowth
-radiation,infection and tumors. ( osteochondromas ,multiple hereditary esotoses,fibrous dysplasia

Answer 10

Knock knees (genu valgum)

Question 11

-lateral bowing of tibia
-most common cause is rickets or condition that prevents bones from forming properly
-infection, tumors can affect growth of the leg which can cause one eg to be bowed

Answer 11

Bow legs ( genu varum)

Question 12

-Genetic or heritable
-bones fracture easily no obvious cause or minimal injury
- brittle bone disease
-can be severe or mild
-defects r/t protein (1 collagen) building block of body
-type 1 collagen make bones strong and build tendons, ligaments , teeth and sclera
-mutation or gene changes causes collagen defects

Answer 12

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 13

-infection of the bone
-Mostly caused by bacteria
-may be cause by fungi or other germs
-may spread to bone from infected skin, muscles, or tendons next to the bone

Answer 13

Osteomyelitis

Question 14

Osteomyelitis in younger children caused by

Answer 14

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 15

Osteomyelitis in older children caused by

Answer 15

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 16

Limitation of weight bearing on affected part
-bed rest and Immobilization
-administration of oxacillin (Bactocill) hospital and then home for 2weeks, oral 3-4 more weeks
-administration of biphosphonates- reduce bone loss

-aspirate bones tube inserted to the area for antibiotic solution
- drainage tubes attach to suction to evacuate subperiostrum area

Answer 16

Osteomyelitis

Question 17

-inflammation in hip joint
-causes pain, limp, and sometimes, refusal to bear weight
-occurs in pre-pubescent children most common hip joint
-occurs when viral infection upper respi infection moves to and settles in hip joint
-in Healthy person (cause) overuse or stress movement of joints- inflammatory arthritis

Answer 17

Transient synovitis

Question 18

-Overuse injury occurs after repetitive activities of the muscles attached to ____
-excessively tight hip and thigh muscles prone to pelvis/hip ______
- traction injury o cartilag and bony attachment of tendons in children and adolescents
-overuse injury in children who are growing have rights or inflexible muscle tendon units

Answer 18

Apophysitis

Question 19

Types of scoliosis

Answer 19

-Functional (postural ) scoliosis
-Structural scoliosis

Question 20

Lateral curvature of spine
Compensatory mechanism of unequal leg length
- curvature is flexible will go away if problem side goes away

Answer 20

Functional ( postural) scoliosis

Question 21

Is idiopathic, permanent curvature
-damage to vertebrae
-spine curvature not flexible
-does not go away

Answer 21

Structural scoliosis

Question 22

-if curve is less than 20 degrees no therapy is required until 18 years
-long term treatment
-mechanical bracing to maintain spinal stability and prevent further progression until bone growth is complete
-rehabilitation

Answer 22

Structural scoliosis

Question 23

-involves joints of body also affects blood vessels and connective tissues
-symptoms must begin before age 16 years old and last longer than 3 months

Answer 23

Juvenile Arthritis

Question 24

-heat application
-warm water soaks 20–30 minutes
-paraffin soaks
-splinting to immobilize
-

Answer 24

Therapy for juvenile arthritis

Question 25

-not common for a child to sustain a finger injury from a slammed car door -causes crushing blow to the tip of the finger- excruciatingly painful

Answer 25

Finger injuries

Question 26

results in crushing, lacerating injury that quickly becomes edematous.

Answer 26

Bicycle-spoke injuries

Question 27

muscle-tendon injury

Answer 27

Strain

Question 28

is a ligament injury

Answer 28

Sprain

Question 29

-chronic neuromuscular disease -causes weakness in the skeletal muscles(muscle that connect to your bones and contract to allow body movement in the arms and legs, and allow for breathing) Face and throat muscles(Impair speaking; Cause difficulty swallowing; Affect chewing; Change facial weakness in your neck, arms and legs. difficulties with speech, chewing, swallowing and breathing. expressions weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the muscles symptoms: Eye muscles ptosis drooping of both eyelids, double vision

Answer 29

Myasthenia gravis

Question 30

Administration of Neostigmine (Prostigmin) OR Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon)

Answer 30

Myasthenia gravis

Question 31

Does not look ill Head maintained in a flexed attitude; unable to extend Mental status and cognition: normal speech: dysarthric L/eye: partial ptosis Pupils: B/L equal and reactive Cranial Nerves: CN 3,4,6: ocular movements normal CN 9,10: soft palate does not move Other CN: normal Upper and lower limbs: normal in inspection, tone, power and reflexes Sensation: no deficits Cerebellar function: retained Gait: no abnormality detected Fatigability: present on repetitive closure of eyes

Answer 31

Myasthenia gravis

Question 32

- of a group of rare diseases called the inflammatory myopathies -chronic (long-standing) muscle inflammation, muscle weakness, and in some cases, muscle pain. -occurs from the degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers. -unknown. may be due to a viral infection of the muscles or a problem with the body's immune system. -occur -people who have cancer in the abdomen, lung, or other parts of the body or and autoimmune basis suspected.

Answer 32

dermatomyositis

Question 33

general term used to describe a number of conditions affecting the muscles

Answer 33

Myopathy

Question 34

can appear suddenly or develop gradually over time. The most common signs and symptoms include: Skin changes..

Answer 34

DERMATOMYOSITIS

Question 35

-violet-colored or dusky red rash develops, most commonly on your face and eyelids and on your knuckles, elbows, knees, chest and back. The rash, which can be itchy and painful, is often the first sign of dermatomyositis.

Answer 35

Skin changes.

Question 36

Progressive muscle weakness involves the muscles closest to the trunk, such as those in your hips, thighs, shoulders, upper arms and neck. The weakness affects both the left and right sides of your body, and tends to gradually worsen.

Answer 36

Muscle weakness.

Question 37

confirm a diagnosi of dermatomyositis, a doctors may perform

Answer 37

Skin and Muscle Biopsies punch biopsy, in which a dermatologist uses a device that resembles a pencil to puncture the skin and remove a small tissue sample

Question 38

Treatment for dermatomyositis

Answer 38

High dose of corticosteroids, Methotrexate, or specific immunosuppressant

Question 39

group of muscle diseases caused by mutations in a person's genes. -muscle weakness decreases mobility, making everyday tasks difficult. -cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.

Answer 39

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES

Question 40

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES

Answer 40

Congenital Facioscapulohumeral Pseudohypertrophic (Duchenne Disease)-

Question 40

affects boys and girls and is apparent at birth or before age 2. -Some forms progress slowly and cause only mild disability, while others progress rapidly and cause severe impairment.

Answer 40

Congenital

Question 41

-weakness typically begins in the face, hip and shoulders. shoulder blades might stick out -occurs in the teenage years but can begin in childhood or as late as age 50.

Answer 41

Facioscapulohumeral

Question 42

most common form of muscular dystrophy -inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. -occurs only in males; females may carry the gene may demonstrate some symptoms and usually apparent by 3 years of age.

Answer 42

Pseudohypertrophic (Duchenne Disease)-

Question 43

remain ambulatory for as long as possible Therapeutic Management: *range-of-motion exercises. * Splinting and bracing may overweight, remaining ambulatory becomes even more difficult for them. * Encourage a low-calorie, high-protein diet to avoid excessive weight gain. In addition, to prevent constipation because of poor abdominal muscle tone, encourage a high intake of fiber and fluids. * A stool softener may be necessary. In the meantime. corticosteroid therapy is helpful to increase function and strength at least on a short-term basis; help parents understand the importance of this and have a set schedule of administration. Newer therapies include cell repair, gene transfer, and stem cell (Sun et al., 2020). *

Answer 43

Muscular dystrophies

Question 43

The average life expectancy of these Muscular dystrophies patients has improved and currently is about

Answer 43

35 to 40 years.

Question 44

-break in the continuity or structure of bone. -Bone in childhood is fairly porous, allowing bones to bend rather than break. periosteum is thick, so the bone may not break all the way through. * Epiphyseal lines may cushion a blow so that the bone does not break. * Healing is rapid as a result of overall increased bone growth.

Answer 44

Fracture

Question 45

children with a suspected fracture need an X-ray, firm the diagnosis and to determine the alignment a position the amount of end-to-end contact there is bone fragments). bayonet or side-to-side apposition may be established for children up to 10 or 12 years old.

Answer 45

Therapy to fracture

Question 46

treat a wide range of musculoskeletal disorders, from simple fractures in the extremities to correction of congenital structural bone disorders.

Answer 46

Cast

Question 47

Casts are created from either

Answer 47

Plaster of Paris or Fiberglass.

Question 48

children's casts because it is light in weight; comes in attractive colors; and, when a special waterproof liner is used, can be immersed in water. * Unfortunately, it is more expensive and may not be practical for casts that need frequent changing,

Answer 48

Fiberglass

Question 49

plaster cast takes _____hours to dry depending on its size.

Answer 49

10 to 72

Question 50

Fiberglass casts usually dry within _____minutes.

Answer 50

5 to 30

Question 51

used to protect the foot and ankle after an injury or surgery.

Answer 51

Medical Walking Boots

Question 52

type of walking aid that serve to increase the size of an individual's base of support.

Answer 52

Crutches

Question 53

practice of slowly and gently pulling on a fractured or dislocated body part. It's often done using ropes, pulleys, and weights.

Answer 53

Traction

Question 54

to guide the body part back into place and hold it steady.

Answer 54

Traction

Question 54

These tools help apply force to the tissues surrounding the damaged area.

Answer 54

Ropes, pulleys and weights

Question 54

Types of Traction

Answer 54

Skeletal and skin traction external fixation OPEN REDUCTION AND INTERNAL FIXATION And HALO TRACTION

Question 55

far less invasive than skeletal traction. It involves applying splints, bandages, or adhesive tapes to the skin directly below the fracture. The affected body part is then pulled

Answer 55

Skin traction

Question 55

placing a pin, wire, or screw in the fractured bone. After one of these devices has been inserted, weights

Answer 55

Skeletal traction

Question 56

can be adjusted externally to ensure the bones remain in an optimal position during the healing process.

Answer 56

External fixatin

Question 57

pull the head and spine upward carefully, applying a slow stretch to the spine. Doctors do this by attaching a halo