Maternal effect

Question 1

Maternal Effec

Answer 1

A genetic phenomenon where the phenotype of an offspring is determined by the maternal genotype and cytoplasmic factors deposited into the egg during oogenesis.

Question 2

Actinomycin D

Answer 2

A transcription inhibitor that binds to DNA, preventing RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase.

Question 3

Cytoplasm Injection

Answer 3

A technique where cytoplasm from a healthy egg is injected into a defective egg to restore normal maternal-effect functions.

Question 4

Formin Gene Family

Answer 4

A group of genes encoding proteins that regulate cytoskeletal elements, influencing processes like actin filament formation.

Question 5

Reciprocal Cross

Answer 5

A genetic cross in which the sexes of the parents are reversed to identify the influence of parental sex on inheritance patterns.

Question 6

Maternal-Effect Gene

Answer 6

A gene expressed in the mother that produces products required for early embryogenesis, deposited in the egg cytoplasm.

Question 7

Dextral

Answer 7

Refers to right-handed coiling in organisms, such as snail shells, often determined by maternal-effect genes

Question 8

Sinistral

Answer 8

Refers to left-handed coiling in organisms, resulting from specific genetic or maternal influences.

Question 9

Therapeutic Cloning

Answer 9

A process where a somatic cell nucleus is transferred into an enucleated oocyte to create embryonic stem cells for medical treatments.

Question 10

Pluripotent Cells

Answer 10

Stem cells capable of differentiating into nearly all cell types except extraembryonic tissues.

Question 11

Totipotent Cells

Answer 11

Cells capable of forming an entire organism, including both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues.

Question 12

Multipotent Cells

Answer 12

Stem cells that can differentiate into multiple cell types within a specific lineage.

Question 13

Unipotent Cells

Answer 13

Cells capable of differentiating into only one cell type.

Question 14

Female-Sterile Mutation

Answer 14

Mutations causing infertility in females due to the absence of maternally provided products required for embryogenesis.

Question 15

Embryogenesis

Answer 15

The process of development from a zygote to a multicellular embryo.

Question 16

Oogenesis

Answer 16

The process of egg cell development in females, involving deposition of maternal molecules in the egg cytoplasm.

Question 17

Zygote

Answer 17

A fertilized egg that marks the beginning of a new organism’s development.

Question 18

Polar Body

Answer 18

A small cell produced during oogenesis that usually does not contribute to the embryo.

Question 19

Blastocyst

Answer 19

A stage in mammalian embryogenesis characterized by a hollow ball of cells, containing an inner cell mass and a surrounding trophoblast.

Question 20

Cytoskeleton

Answer 20

A cellular framework made of actin filaments and microtubules, essential for maintaining cell shape and division.

Question 21

Maroonlike (mal) Gene

Answer 21

A gene in Drosophila located on the X chromosome, required for the synthesis of the aldehyde oxidase cofactor.

Question 22

Paternal Rescue Effect

Answer 22

A phenomenon where a paternal allele compensates for a maternal deficiency, restoring the offspring’s normal phenotype.

Question 23

Spina Bifida

Answer 23

A congenital defect caused by improper neural tube closure during embryogenesis, often linked to maternal nutrition.

Question 24

Anencephaly

Answer 24

A severe neural tube defect where parts of the brain and skull fail to develop properly, influenced by maternal factors.

Question 25

Fetal Protection Program

Answer 25

A **public health initiative** designed to **reduce congenital defects** through **nutrition* and lifestyle interventions during pregnancy. ## Footnote a public helath initiative seeking to reduce congenital defects by proper nutrition during pregancy

Question 26

Growth Factors

Answer 26

**Proteins** that regulate **cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival**, essential in therapeutic cloning.

Question 27

Lymnaea stagnalis

Answer 27

A **snail species** exhibiting maternal effect in shell coiling direction, where **dextral is dominant over sinistral**.

Question 28

Loss-of-Function Mutation

Answer 28

A**genetic alteration** that results in **reduced or abolished activity** of the gene **product**.

Question 29

Cytoplasmic Determinants

Answer 29

**Maternal molecules** distributed in the **egg cytoplasm** that **influence cell fate** during embryogenesis.

Question 30

Artificial Zygote

Answer 30

A zygote **created** by transferring a somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated egg.

Question 31

Human Neural Tube Defects

Answer 31

Conditions such as spina bifida and anencephaly resulting from **maternal deficiencies in folic acid**

Question 32

Yamanaka Factors

Answer 32

**Four** transcription factors used to **induce pluripotency** in mature cells, discovered by Shinya Yamanaka.