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Next Gen Exam 1 > Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Conceptus definition

A

An embryo or fetus with all its membranes and accessory structures

Embryo, conceptus, and fetus are terms often used interchangeably

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2
Q

Fetus definition

A

An embryo that has completed organogenesis – recognizable as a member of its species

Embryo, conceptus, and fetus are terms often used interchangeably

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3
Q

Establishment of pregnancy requires what 4 things?

A

Fertilization
Early embryonic development
Maternal recognition of pregnancy
Placentation

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4
Q

Sequence of fertilization to attachment

A

Sperm fertilizes the oocyte in the oviduct
Conceptus formation and starts to descend to the uterus

Becomes blastocyst in the uterus

Blastocyst hatches and migrates in the uterus
Embryonic membrane formation

Maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs

Placentation/attachment to the endometrium

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5
Q

Embryo “hatching” occurs __-__ days post ovulation

A

6-8

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6
Q

_______ _______ is essential for nutrient exchange, placental attachment and maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

Uterine epithelium

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7
Q

In the cow and the ewe, the embryo must be on the same side as…

A

The CL (ipsilateral)

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8
Q

In the Mare the embryo must migrate between…

A

The 2 uterine horns until day 16
Continues to grow

Has NO relationship to CL

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9
Q

Uterine migration and equidistant spacing between embryos is essential to embryonic survival in….

A

Litter bearing species

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10
Q

Trophoblast elongation is on Day 11 or 12 in the pig or starts around Day ____ in ruminants

A

12

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11
Q

Maternal Recognition of pregnancy prevents…

A

Luteolysis

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12
Q

Early on the embryo will attach to the ________…

A

Endometrium by extra-embryonic membranes

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13
Q

Organogenesis is the most..

A

Susceptible period of the pregnancy
1st trimester

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14
Q

After attachment of embryo it will undergo placentation and…

A

Fetal growth occurs
-Sexual differentiation
-System maturation
-Specialized cell development (CNS, hair)

Ends in parturition

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15
Q

Gestation length in cows

A

~9m (278-293d)

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16
Q

Gestation length in mares

A

~11m (330-345d)

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17
Q

Gestation length in ewes

A

~5m (144-151)

18
Q

Gestation length in the sow

A

3m, 3w, 3d (112-115d)

19
Q

Gestation length in the Bitch

A

65d
(~2m)

20
Q

Gestation length in the queen

A

58-70d
(~2m)

21
Q

Maternal Recognition happens prior to the release of ______ to prevent ________ if embryo present

A

PGF2a
prevent luteolysis

22
Q

Maternal Recognition signal comes from…

A

The embryo
May be hormone and/or protein

23
Q

Cow MRP

A

Conceptus enters uterus at ~day 5– 6

Embryo elongation by Day 13

Maternal recognition of pregnancy:
Day 15 - 18
-bovine interferon INF- tau)
-bovine trophoblastic protein 1 (bTP-1)

24
Q

Mare MRP

A

Conceptus enters the uterus Day 5 –6
-Amnionic vesicle (AV) remains spherical and diameter increases rapidly

Maternal recognition of pregnancy
-Increase embryo mobility/uterine; contractions on Days 11-16
***NO hormonal signal identified
Embryonic motility plays an IMPORTANT role
Embryo motility is lost at Day 16 when it becomes fixed

25
Q

Embryonic motility plays an important role of MRP in which species?

A

Mare
Last at day 16 when attachment occurs

26
Q

Ewe MRP

A

Conceptus enters the uterus by Day 5

Maternal recognition of pregnancy:
Day 12-14
Ovine interferon - oINF-tau (oTP-1)

27
Q

Sow MRP

A

Conceptus enters the uterus by Day 3 as a 4-cell

Maternal recognition of pregnancy
Day 11 – 12
Signal is ESTRADIOL by conceptus
-Causes intraluminal vs. intravenous passage of endometrial PGF2a
-FOUR EMBRYOS must be present for pregnancy to be maintained- 2 in each horn

28
Q

In the sow at least _______ embryos must be present for pregnancy to be maintained

A

Four (2 in each horn)

29
Q

Bitch/Queen MRP

A

Conceptus enters the uterus
-Bitch - Day 9 – 11
-Queen – Day 4 – 5

Maternal recognition of pregnancy
UNKNOWN
Similar hormonal environment of the non- pregnant bitch/queen
-Prolonged CL lifespan

30
Q

Endocrinology of Pregnancy- Progesterone

A

Extended production

Ovarian (early) and placental (mid to late) origins
Luteal-dependent species maintain ovarian production throughout pregnancy

Functions:
myometrial gland proliferation
uterine quiescence - myometrial inhibition
mammary development

31
Q

Function of progesterone during pregnancy

A

myometrial gland proliferation
uterine quiescence - myometrial inhibition
mammary development

32
Q

Endocrinology of pregnancy- Estrogens

A

Ovarian, placental and/or fetal origin

Gradual increase with peak around the time of parturition

Primer for:
oxytocin - myometrial receptors
progesterone, prolactin - mammary development

33
Q

In pregnancy Estrogens may originate from….

A

Ovarian, placental and/or fetus

34
Q

Estrogens during pregnancy prime for…

A

oxytocin - myometrial receptors
progesterone, prolactin - mammary development

35
Q

Endocrinology of Pregnancy- gonadotropins

A

Hypothalamic source-
Low levels of LH during pregnancy
FSH waves may continue
Progesterone negative feedback on the hypothalamus
LH is luteotropic early

Placental source (mare)- Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) (previously PMSG) – from “endometrial cups”
LH-like effects (FSH-like activity in other species)

36
Q

In mares eCG is produced by….

A

Endometrial cups during pregnancy

37
Q

In Mares eCG (equine Chorionic Gonadotropin) acts like….

A

LH

In other species- FSH like

38
Q

In other species (not mare), eCG (equine Chorionic Gonadotropin) has activity that mimics…

A

FSH

39
Q

Luteal-Independent species

A

only needs the CL of ovulation for the first part of pregnancy followed by placental production

Cow
Ewe
Mare

40
Q

Luteal-Dependent species

A

needs the CL of ovulation for the entire duration of pregnancy

Sow
Doe
Bitch
Queen

41
Q

Terminology used to describe pregnancy

A

Polytocous – litter bearing
Monotocous – single offspring
Nulliparous – never carried a pregnancy
Primaparous – first pregnancy
Multiparous – multiple pregnancies

Next Gen Exam 1 (16 decks)

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