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Earth Science By Tarbuck > Matter and Minerals > Flashcards

Matter and Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

study of minerals

A

Mineralogy

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2
Q

any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure
and a definite chemical composition that allows for some
variation.

A

Mineral

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3
Q

Minerals form through natural geologic processes. Synthetic materials— meaning those produced in a laboratory or by human intervention—are not considered minerals.

A

Naturally Occurring

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4
Q

Inorganic crystalline solids

A

Generally Inorganic

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5
Q

Only solid crystalline substances are considered minerals.

A

Solid substance

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6
Q

Minerals are crystalline substances, which means their atoms (ions) are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner

A

Orderly Crystalline structure

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7
Q

Minerals are chemical compounds having compositions that can be expressed by a chemical formula.

A

Definite chemical composition that allows for some variation

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8
Q

Regularly shaped objects

A

Crystals

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9
Q

Any solid mass of mineral, or mineral-like, matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet.

A

Rock

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10
Q

minerals are joined in such a way that their individual properties are retained.

A

Aggregate

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11
Q

all matter, including minerals, is composed of minute building blocks

A

Atoms

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12
Q

a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge

A

Proton

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13
Q

an uncharged elementary particle that has a mass nearly equal to that of the proton

A

Neutron

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14
Q

a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

A

Electron

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15
Q

physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be positive or negative.

A

Electrical charge

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16
Q

electrons show that they move about the nucleus in regions

A

Principal shells

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17
Q

a single electron or one of two or more electrons in the outer shell of an atom that is responsible for the chemical properties of the atom

A

Valance electrons

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18
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

A

Atomic Number

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19
Q

a group of the same kind of atoms

A

Element

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20
Q

Elements are organized so that those with similar properties line up in columns, referred to as groups.

A

Periodic Table

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21
Q

Most elements join with atoms of other elements

A

Chemical compounds

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22
Q

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons

A

Octet Rule

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23
Q

a transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom to attain a full valence shell of electrons.

A

Chemical bond

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24
Q

one atom gives up one or more of its valence electrons to another atom to form ions. An attraction of oppositely charged ions to one another, producing an electrically neutral ionic compound.

A

Ionic bond

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25
positively and negatively charged atoms
Ions
26
a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms
Covalent bond
27
a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms
Metallic bond
28
they can be hammered into thin sheets
Malleable
29
they can be drawn into thin wires
Ductile
30
a material's behavior when electromagnetic radiation (light) is incident on the material's surface
Optical Properties
31
The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral
Luster
32
Minerals that have the appearance of metals, regardless of color
Metallic luster
33
the luster of a mineral which reflects light from its surface but does not shine like a metal
Nonmetallic luster
34
Ability of the mineral to be either opaque, translucent, or transparent
Ability to transmit light
35
it is considered a diagnostic property of only a few minerals.
Color
36
The color of a mineral in powdered form
Streak
37
the common or characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of crystals.
Crystal shape or habit
38
How easily minerals break or deform under stress
Mineral strength
39
a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.
Hardness
40
A numerical value of hardness which consists of 10 minerals arranged in order from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest),
Mohs Scale of hardness
41
the tendency of a mineral to break (cleave) along planes of weak bonding.
Cleavage
42
Appearance of a surface broken in directions other than along cleavage planes. Minerals that have chemical bonds that are equally, or nearly equally, strong in all directions
Fracture
43
describes a mineral’s resistance to breaking, bending, cutting, or other forms of deformation.
Tenacity
44
materials that can be cut into thin shavings
Sectile
45
Materials that will bend and snap back to their original shape after stress is released.
Elastic
46
an important property of matter, is defined as mass per unit volume.
Density
47
a number representing the ratio of a mineral’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Specific Gravity
48
on certain minerals where a light ray enters the crystal and splits up into two separate rays
Double Refraction
49
Chemical reaction where small bubbles of gas escape from a liquid.
Effervescence
50
Minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust
Rock-forming minerals
51
Although less abundant, many other minerals are used extensively in the manufacture of products
Economic minerals
52
oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg).
8 major elements in the crust
53
silicon and oxygen are by far the most common elements in Earth’s crust. Furthermore, these two elements readily combine to form the basic “building block” for the most common mineral group
Silicates
54
minerals that are not composed of silicate groups. These minerals may contain oxygen atoms but not in combination with silicon.
Non-silicates
55
those minerals that contain [SiO4]−4 as the fundamental unit of their chemistry and structure.
Silicate minerals
56
This structure consists of four oxygen atoms surrounding a much smaller silicon atom,
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
57
Cleavage: none and silicate structure: single tetrahedra
Olivine Group
58
Cleavage: two planes at 90 degrees and silicate structure: single chains
Pyroxene group (Augite)
59
Cleavage: two planes at 60 and 120 degrees and silicate structure: double chains
Amphibole Group (Hornblende)
60
Cleavage: one plane and silicate structure: sheets
Mica (Biotite)
61
Cleavage: one plane and silicate structure: sheets
Mica (Muscovite)
62
Cleavage: two planes at 90 degrees and silicate structure: 3D framework
Potassium Feldspar (Orthoclase)
63
Cleavage: two planes at 90 degrees and silicate structure: 3D framework
Plagioclase Feldspar
64
Cleavage: none and silicate structure: 3D framework
Quartz
65
Generally light in color and having a specific gravity of about 2.7, contain varying amounts of aluminum, potassium, calcium, and sodium.
Light Silicate Minerals
66
The most abundant mineral group. One group of feldspar minerals contains potassium ions in its crystalline structure and is referred to as potassium feldspar. The other group, called plagioclase feldspar, contains calcium and/or sodium ions
Feldspars
67
a major constituent of many igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Found in a wide variety of colors (caused by impurities), quite hard (7 on the Mohs scale) and exhibits conchoidal fracture when broken
Quartz
68
light silicates that typically form as products of chemical weathering of igneous rocks. They make up much of the surface material we call soil
Clay Minerals
69
contain iron and magnesium in their crystalline structures and high specific gravity, which is between 3.2 and 3.6, significantly greater than the specific gravity of the light silicate minerals.
Dark Silicate Minerals
70
Abundant in Earth’s upper mantle, black to olive green in color, has a glassy luster, and often forms small crystals which gives it a granular appearance
Olivine Group
71
a group of dark silicate minerals that are important components of dark-colored igneous rocks. The most common member, augite, is a black, opaque mineral with two directions of cleavage that meet at nearly 90-degree angles
Pyroxene Group (Augite)
72
the most common of which is hornblende, is usually dark green to black in color. Its cleavage angles are about 60 degrees and 120 degrees. Found in igneous rocks, hornblende makes up the dark portion of otherwise light colored rocks.
Amphibole Group (Hornblende)
73
the dark, iron-rich member of the mica family and its shiny appearance helps distinguish it from other dark silicate minerals.
Biotite
74
Another dark silicate is garnet. Much like olivine, it has a glassy luster, lacks cleavage, and exhibits conchoidal fracture.
Garnet
75
minerals are typically divided into groups, based on the negatively charged ion or complex ion that the members have in common. Make up only about 8 percent of Earth’s crust
Non-silicate minerals
76
made from just a single element, bonded to itself
Native Elements
77
can be replenished over relatively short time spans.
Renewable Resources
78
the processes that create them are so slow that significant deposits take millions of years to accumulate.
Non-renewable Resources
79
All discovered and undiscovered deposits of a useful mineral that can be extracted now or at some time in the future.
Mineral Resources
80
a naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic minerals that can be extracted economically.
Ore deposit
81
a precious or semiprecious stone, especially one cut, polished, and used in a piece of jewelry.
Gemstones

Earth Science By Tarbuck (3 decks)

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