Matter, Phases of Matter and Kinetic and Molecular Theory Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What is matter?
A
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass
2
Q
What determines the observable characteristics of matter and the way that it reacts?
A
The properties of its particles
3
Q
What are twelve properties of matter?
A
Strength Brittle Malleable Ductile Thermal conductivity Electrical conductivity Lustre Magnetic Density Sonorous Melting point Boiling point
4
Q
What does the property of strength indicate?
A
How difficult or easy it is to break the material
5
Q
What does the property of brittleness indicate?
A
The material breaks easily
6
Q
What does the property of malleability indicate?
A
The material can be bent and made into sheets
7
Q
What does the property of ductility indicate?
A
The material can be drawn into wire
8
Q
What does the property of thermal conductivity indicate?
A
The material can conduct heat
9
Q
What does the property of electrical conductivity indicate?
A
The material can conduct electricity
10
Q
What does the property of lustre indicate?
A
The shine that a material has
11
Q
What does the property of magnetism indicate?
A
The material can be attracted by a magnet
12
Q
What does the property of density indicate?
A
The mass of the material per unit volume
13
Q
What does the property of sonorousity indicate?
A
The material emits a ringing sound when struck
14
Q
What does the property of melting point indicate?
A
The temperature at which the material changes from a solid to a liquid
15
Q
What does the property of boiling point indicate?
A
The temperature at which the material changes from a liquid to a gas
16
Q
How are materials classified?
A
Into pure and impure substances
17
Q
How are pure substances classified?
A
Into elements and compounds
18
Q
How are impure substances classified?
A
Into homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures
19
Q
How are elements classified?
A
Into metals and non-metals
20
Q
What are pure substances?
A
Substances that only have one type of molecule in them
They have a constant composition
21
Q
What do pure substances have?
A
A constant composition
22
Q
What is an element?
A
A substance which cannot be broken down into further simpler substances
23
Q
Who created the Periodic Table?
A
Dmitri Mendelev
24
Q
What is the Periodic Table?
A
An arrangement of all the elements in a tabulated form
25
What are the horizontal rows of the Periodic Table called?
Periods
26
What are the vertical columns in the Periodic Table called?
Groups
27
Where are metals found on the Periodic Table?
Mainly on the left hand side
28
What are the metals in group one called?
Alkali metals
29
What are the metals in group two in the Periodic Table called?
Alkaline earth metals
30
Where are the non-metals on the Periodic Table found?
Mainly on the right hand side
31
What are the elements in group seventeen called?
The halogens
32
What are the elements in group eighteen called?
The noble gases
33
What are the properties of metals?
```
Have lustre
Are malleable
Are ductile
Are sonorous
Are heat conductors
Are electrical conductors
```
34
What are the properties of non-metals?
```
Are dull
Are brittle
Are not sonorous
Are heat insulators
Are electrical insulators
```
35
What are electrical cables generally made of?
Copper
36
Why is copper used for electrical cables?
It is a very good electrical conductor
37
What usually surrounds copper cable?
Plastic
38
Why does plastic often surround electrical cables?
It is a good electrical insulator
39
Why is nichrome used for heater and stove elements?
It conducts electricity well, but has high resistance and therefore creates heat
40
Is air a conductor or insulator?
It is a thermal insulator
41
What three elements are magnetic?
Nickel
Cobalt
Iron
42
What are metalloids?
Elements that can be classified as either metals or non-metals
43
Where can metalloids be found?
Along the metal non-metal division line
44
Why can metalloids be classified either way?
They display properties of both metals and non metals
45
What are the eight metalloids?
```
Boron
Silicon
Germanium
Arsenic
Antimony
Tellurium
Polonium
Astatine
```
46
What property do metalloids have that metals do not?
They conduct electricity better at high temperatures
47
What two metalloids are commonly found in microchips?
Silicon
| Germanium
48
What is a compound?
Two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio
49
What is another term for an impure substance?
A mixture
50
What is a mixture?
A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their own properties (no chemical change)
The substances can be present in any ratio
51
What are the two types of mixtures?
Homogeneous
| Heterogenous
52
What is a homogeneous mixture?
A mixture in which the composition of the mixture is the same throughout
It consists of two or more substances in the same phase
53
How can one tell if something is a homogeneous mixture?
No amount of optical magnification will reveal one region to be different from another
54
What is a heterogenous mixture?
A mixture in which the composition is not uniform
55
What is a suspension?
A heterogeneous mixture where the solute is not dissolved in the solvent, but merely dispersed through it
56
Give an example of a suspension
Sand mixed in water
| If left to sand, the sand will settle to the bottom
57
What is immiscible?
The term used to describe two liquids that do not mix
58
What is an emulsion?
A heterogenous mixture made of two or more immiscible liquids
Once again the particles are not dissolved into one another, merely dispersed
59
How can mixtures be separated?
By physical means
60
What are some examples of physical separation methods?
```
Evaporation
Condensation
Funnelling
Magnetism
Filtration
```
61
What two methods can be used to check the purity of a substance?
Boiling / melting
| Chromatography
62
How does boiling test for purity?
Different substances have different boiling points
| If the substance boils at two or more points, then the substance is not pure
63
How does chromatography test for purity?
Different substances move through filters at different rates
| If the substance is passed through water, then the different components of the mixture could become visible
64
What five properties are used to compare solids liquids and gases?
```
Intermolecular forces (IMF)
Movement
Shape
Volume
Compressibility
```
65
What are the IMF like in a solid?
Strong
| They hold particles in a fixed formation called a crystal lattice
66
What is the movement like in a solid?
The particles vibrate in fixed positions
67
How does matter exist?
In phases
68
What is the shape of a solid like?
It holds its own shape
69
What is the volume of a solid like?
It has its own volume
70
Can a solid be compressed?
No
| It's particles are too close together
71
What are the IMF like in a liquid?
Weaker
| Can still hold particles together
72
What is the movement of a liquid like?
The particles can roll over each other and change places
| They can be poured
73
What is the shape of a liquid like?
It takes on the shape of the container
74
What is the volume of a liquid like?
It has its own volume
75
Can you compress a liquid?
No
| The particles are still too close together
76
What are the IMF in a gas like?
Almost non-existent
77
What is the movement of a gas like?
Particles are free to move and have lots of kinetic energy
78
What is the shape of a gas like?
Has no shape
79
What is the volume of a gas like?
Does not have its own volume
| Takes on volume of the container
80
Are gases compressible?
Yes
| The particles are far apart
81
What is temperature?
A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles
| The velocity at which particles move
82
What is important to note about molecules and their movement?
All particles move, but not all at the same speed
83
What is the formula for kinetic energy?
Ek = 1/2 mv^s
| Kinetic energy is equal to half of mass times velocity squared
84
When do substances change phase?
When their temperature changes past a certain point
85
What is a melting point?
The point at which a solid changes to a liquid
86
What is the freezing point?
The point at which a liquid changes to a solid
87
What is interesting about the freezing and melting point of a substance?
They are the same temperature
88
What is the boiling point?
The point at which a liquid changes to a gas and vice versa
89
What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?
Boiling: all of the molecules increase in temperature at the same rate and they will all turn into a gas. Boiling only occurs at specific temperatures
Evaporation: only the molecules near the surface of a liquid turn into a liquid and the substance does not heat up evenly. Evaporation can happen at any temperature
90
Why is evaporation important for maintaining body temperature?
When molecules evaporate, they take their increased energy with them
The rest of the substance therefore has less average energy i.e is colder
When sweat evaporates from our skin, our skin gets colder
91
When does boiling occur?
When vapour pressure and atmospheric pressure are equal
92
What can change the boiling point of a substance?
Atmospheric pressure
93
Why does atmospheric pressure affect the boiling point of a substance?
More energy is needed to overcome greater atmospheric pressure
94
What kind of relationship exists between altitude and the boiling point of a substance?
Inverse
| The greater the altitude, the lower the boiling point
95
What is sublimation?
When a substance changes straight from a solid to a gas
96
Give an example of a substance that sublimates
Iodine
97
Why does sublimation occur?
The IMF are so weak that only a little bit of heat is needed to break them
98
What kind of change is a phase change?
Physical
99
How does the temperature of a solid rise?
More energy is added
| They vibrate faster
100
Why do molecules have potential energy?
They have forces of attraction and repulsion between them
101
What happens to a substance when it reaches its melting point?
The particles' kinetic energy remains constant and their potential energy is increased
102
When can a substance's temperature begin to rise (after a phase change)?
Only when all the molecules have changed phase
103
What happens when a liquid reaches its boiling point?
The kinetic energy stops increasing, instead the potential energy increases
104
Which takes longer-boiling or melting?
Boiling
105
Why does boiling take longer than melting?
In boiling, the particles have to completely break the forces of attraction between them, rather than just the crystal lattice structure
106
What is the transition phase in a heating curve?
The time when the kinetic energy of particles increases or decreases
107
What is a heating curve?
A graph showing the phase change of a substance
