MBD MLAP REVIEW

Question 1

true or false. molecular tests have replaced conventional tests.

Answer 1

true

Question 2

product of laboratory medicine + genomic knowledge + technology

Answer 2

molecular biology and diagnostics

Question 3

genetic information is contained in ___ _____ which are arranged as _____ and are packaged as _____.

Answer 3

dna sequences; genes; chromosomes

Question 4

how many base pairs does the human genome have

Answer 4

3 billion base pairs

Question 5

complete set of genetic information

Answer 5

genome

Question 6

transfer of genetic information within the cell

Answer 6

central dogma

Question 7

concept of central dogma

Answer 7

dna template is used to create rna to proteins

Question 8

transcription process

Answer 8

1 dna strand > mrna

enzyme: rna polymerase

Question 9

translation process

Answer 9

mrna > proteins

Question 10

responsible for cellular functions

Answer 10

proteins

Question 11

2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 11

dna and rna

Question 12

building blocks of nucleic acids

Answer 12

nucleotides

Question 13

3 components of nucleotides

Answer 13

1. nitrogenous bases
2. 5 carbon sugars
3. phosphate groups

Question 14

nucleotides are joined by:

Answer 14

3’-5’ phosphodiester bond

1st: 5’ to phosphate
2nd: phosphate to 3’

Question 15

purines are:

Answer 15

double ring

ex: adenine and guanine

Question 16

pyrimidines are:

Answer 16

single ring

ex: cytosine, thymine (dna), and uracil (rna)

Question 17

carbons of nucleic acids:

Answer 17

dna: deoxyribose sugar
2’ - hydrogen atom

rna: ribose sugar
2’ - hydroxyl group

Question 18

carbons of nucleic acids:

Answer 18

rna: ribose sugar

2’ - hydroxyl group

Question 19

responsible for the very strong negative charge of the nucleic acid

Answer 19

phosphate group

Question 20

base pairing

Answer 20

adenine and thymine (dna) / uracil (rna)

guanine and cytosine

Question 21

true or false. in a double stranded dna, the concentration of purines and pyrimidines are the same.

Answer 21

true

Question 22

hydrogen bonds present per base pair

Answer 22

c + g = 3 hydrogen bonds

a + t = 2 hydrogen bonds

Question 23

watson and crick on 1953

Answer 23

double-stranded helix with major and minor grooves

Question 24

continuous replication direction (leading strand)

Answer 24

5’ to 3’

Question 25

which enzyme fixes the gaps in the lagging strand?

Answer 25

ligase

Question 26

which enzyme opens up the dna?

Answer 26

helicase

Question 27

which enzyme prevents the supercoiling of dna?

Answer 27

topoisomerase

Question 28

which enzyme adds new nucleotides to the template strands?

Answer 28

dna polymerase

Question 29

true or false. rna is environmentally labile and easily degraded.

Answer 29

true

Question 30

3 types of rna in transcription

Answer 30

rrna, mrna, trna

Question 31

this rna is found in the ribosomes and they translate mrna into proteins

Answer 31

ribosomal rna

Question 32

which rna is the most abundant in the cell?

Answer 32

rrna (80-90%)

Question 33

which rna is read by the ribosomes to produce proteins?

Answer 33

messenger rna

Question 34

what do you call the mrna in eukaryotes that has its introns and exons still intact?

Answer 34

heteronuclear rna / pre-mrna

Question 35

which part of the mrna contains the coding sequence?

Answer 35

exons

Question 36

what are added to complete the maturity of mrna?

Answer 36

5' methylguanine cap and polyadenylate tail

Question 37

this type of rna reads the mrna and brings the amino acid into the ribosome

Answer 37

transfer rna

Question 38

which rna removes the introns?

Answer 38

small nuclear rna

Question 39

rnas that are involved in different cell processes

Answer 39

small and micro rnas

Question 40

dna to chromosome sequence:

Answer 40

dna + histones = nucleosomes > chromatin > chromosomes

Question 41

humans have how many chromosomes?

Answer 41

23 pairs (46) chromosomes, diploid

Question 42

chromosome breakdown:

Answer 42

1-22 pairs of somatic chromosomes xx - females xy - males

Question 43

noncoding regions but have regulatory elements

Answer 43

introns (intervening sequences)

Question 44

multiple allelic forms

Answer 44

polymorphism

Question 45

different form of a gene

Answer 45

allele

Question 46

physical location of a gene

Answer 46

loci/locus

Question 47

in which side do you inherit the mitochondrial dna

Answer 47

maternal side

Question 48

mitochondrial dna (mtdna) characteristics

Answer 48

circular genome w/ 16,600 base pairs

Question 49

total genes in a mtdna

Answer 49

37 genes: 22 trna 2 rrna 13 oxidation-phosphorylation genes

Question 50

what regions of mitochondria are sought in forensics?

Answer 50

hypervariable regions I (342bp) and II (268bp)

Question 51

true or false. prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and 95% of it are non-coding regions.

Answer 51

false. yes, prokaryotic chromosomes are circular but 95% of it is coding regions.

Question 52

extrachromosomal dna (ecdna) of prokaryotes

Answer 52

plasmids

Question 53

true or false. plasmids cannot replicate independently.

Answer 53

false. plasmids can replicate independently.

Question 54

true or false. extrachromosomal (ecdna) contains essential genetic information.

Answer 54

false. extrachromosomal dna contains nonessential genetic information.

Question 55

what gene is found in the plasmids that help for the survivability of prokaryotes?

Answer 55

antibiotic resistant genes

Question 56

process of disrupting the double stranded dna

Answer 56

denaturation

Question 57

product of denaturation

Answer 57

melted dna/single stranded

Question 58

2 methods in denaturation

Answer 58

heating or chemical

Question 59

at what temp does human dna denatures?

Answer 59

94 C

Question 60

2 requirements for renaturation

Answer 60

salt and temperature

Question 61

at what temp does human dna anneals?

Answer 61

52 C

Question 62

what enzyme cleaves phosphodiester bonds?

Answer 62

nucleases

Question 63

3 types of nucleases

Answer 63

- deoxyribonucleases - ribonucleases - exonucleases

Question 64

dnase acts on?

Answer 64

ssdna and dsdna

Question 65

true or false. rnases are ubiquitous and have high concentration in the hands

Answer 65

true

Question 66

rnase temperature range:

Answer 66

-20 to > 100 C

Question 67

nucleases that can only cut one nucleotide at a time

Answer 67

exonucleases

Question 68

a type of enzyme that can recognize a specific base sequence and cut it

Answer 68

restriction enzymes/endonucleases

Question 69

cuts of restriction enzyme cuts

Answer 69

3' OH and 5'P terminus

Question 70

term for non-specific cleaving

Answer 70

star activity

Question 71

what causes star activity?

Answer 71

incubation temp is not optimal

Question 72

example of restriction enzyme that cuts at predictable sites and is used at recombination

Answer 72

type II restriction enzyme

Question 73

nucleic acids that have bilateral symmetry

Answer 73

palindromes

Question 74

these are used for diagnosing hereditary disease and forensics

Answer 74

restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp)

Question 75

in what stain can you view rflp?

Answer 75

ethidium bromide and sybr green (fluorescent stains in electrophoresis)