MC Questions

Question 1

What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?

Answer 1

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Question 2

What happens during depolarization in a neuron?

Answer 2

Sodium channels open, and Na⁺ rushes into the cell, making the inside more positive.

Question 3

Module 2: Nervous and Muscular Systems

Sodium channels open, and Na⁺ rushes into the cell, making the inside more positive.

Answer 3

Calcium binds to troponin, causing a conformational change that moves tropomyosin and exposes myosin-binding sites on actin.

Question 4

Module 1: Biological Foundations

4 Main elements of the human body

Answer 4

Oxygen, carbond, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 5

Module 2: Nervous and Muscular Systems

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Answer 5

Calcium binds to troponin, causing a conformational change that moves tropomyosin and exposes myosin-binding sites on actin.

Question 6

Module 2: Nervous and Muscular Systems

What is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 6

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 7

Module 3: Cardiovascular System

Which heart valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

Answer 7

The mitral (bicuspid) valve.

Question 8

Module 3: Cardiovascular System

What does the P wave represent on an ECG?

Answer 8

Atrial depolarization.

Question 9

Module 3: Cardiovascular System

What are baroreceptors and where are they located?

Answer 9

Pressure sensors found in the carotid sinus and aortic arch that help regulate blood pressure.

Question 10

Module 4: Respiratory System & Phonation

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

Answer 10

The diaphragm.

Question 11

Module 4: Respiratory System & Phonation

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

Answer 11

Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Question 12

Module 4: Respiratory System & Phonation

What determines the pitch of the voice during phonation?

Answer 12

The tension and length of the vocal folds.

Question 13

Module 5: Metabolism and Gastrointestinal System

What is the primary site of nutrient absorption?

Answer 13

The small intestine.

Question 14

Module 5: Metabolism and Gastrointestinal System

What hormone stimulates gastric acid secretion?

Answer 14

Gastrin.

Question 15

Module 5: Metabolism and Gastrointestinal System

How does the body primarily store glucose?

Answer 15

As glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.

Question 16

Module 6: Mastication, Deglutition, and Audiology

What are the three stages of swallowing?

Answer 16

Oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal stages.

Question 17

Module 6: Mastication, Deglutition, and Audiology

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for hearing?

Answer 17

The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

Question 18

Module 6: Mastication, Deglutition, and Audiology

What is the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 18

Conductive loss involves problems in the outer/middle ear; sensorineural involves the inner ear or auditory nerve.

Question 19

Module 1: Biological Foundations

What is homeostasis?

Topic: Basic Cell Biology and Homeostasis

Answer 19

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within narrow physiological limits.

Question 20

What organelle is responsible for ATP production?

Topic: Basic Cell Biology and Homeostasis

Answer 20

Mitochondria.

Question 21

Module 1: Biological Foundations

Which part of the cell controls gene expression?

Topic: Basic Cell Biology and Homeostasis

Answer 21

The nucleus.

Question 22

Module 1: Biological Foundations

How do negative feedback loops work in maintaining homeostasis?

Topic: Basic Cell Biology and Homeostasis

Answer 22

They reverse a change in a controlled condition to restore balance.

Question 23

Module 2: Nervous and Muscular Systems

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Topic: Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology

Answer 23

To insulate axons and speed up nerve impulse transmission.

Question 24

What is the role of the synapse in neural communication?

Topic: Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology

Answer 24

It is the junction where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals between neurons.

Question 25

What ions are primarily involved in generating action potentials? ## Footnote Topic: Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology

Answer 25

Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺).

Question 26

# Topic: Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance? ## Footnote Topic: Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology

Answer 26

The cerebellum.

Question 27

# Topic: Muscular System What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? ## Footnote Topic: Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology

Answer 27

Calcium binds to troponin, causing a shift in tropomyosin to expose binding sites on actin.

Question 28

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? ## Footnote Topic: Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology

Answer 28

Acetylcholine (ACh).

Question 29

# Module 3: Cardiovascular System What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node? ## Footnote Topic: Heart and Circulation

Answer 29

Acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart.

Question 30

# Module 3: Cardiovascular System What is cardiac output and how is it calculated? ## Footnote Topic: Heart and Circulation

Answer 30

Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate.

Question 31

# Module 3: Cardiovascular System Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart? ## Footnote Topic: Heart and Circulation

Answer 31

Arteries (specifically, the aorta and its branches).

Question 32

# Module 3: Cardiovascular System What causes the lub-dub sounds of the heart? ## Footnote Topic: Heart and Circulation

Answer 32

Closing of AV valves (lub) and semilunar valves (dub).

Question 33

# Module 4: Respiratory System and Phonation What is the primary muscle of respiration? ## Footnote Topic: Respiratory Physiology

Answer 33

The diaphragm.

Question 34

# Module 4: Respiratory System and Phonation How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood? ## Footnote Topic: Respiratory Physiology

Answer 34

As bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻).

Question 35

# Module 4: Respiratory System and Phonation What is tidal volume? ## Footnote Topic: Respiratory Physiology

Answer 35

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.

Question 36

# Module 4: Respiratory System and Phonation What structure vibrates to produce voice? | Topic: Phonation ## Footnote Topic: Respiratory Physiology

Answer 36

he vocal folds (cords) in the larynx.

Question 37

# Module 4: Respiratory System and Phonation Which cranial nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? ## Footnote Topic: Respiratory Physiology

Answer 37

Vagus nerve (CN X), specifically the recurrent laryngeal branch.

Question 38

# Module 5: Metabolism and Gastrointestinal System Where does most nutrient absorption occur? ## Footnote Topic: Digestion and Absorption

Answer 38

In the small intestine.

Question 39

# Module 5: Metabolism and Gastrointestinal System What is the role of bile? ## Footnote Topic: Digestion and Absorption

Answer 39

To emulsify fats for digestion.

Question 40

# Module 5: Metabolism and Gastrointestinal System Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth? ## Footnote Topic: Digestion and Absorption

Answer 40

Salivary amylase.

Question 41

# Module 5: Metabolism and Gastrointestinal System What is ATP and why is it important? | Topic: Metabolism

Answer 41

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell.

Question 42

# Module 5: Metabolism and Gastrointestinal System What hormone regulates blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake? | Topic: Metabolism

Answer 42

What hormone regulates blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake?

Question 43

# Module 6: Mastication, Deglutition, and Audiology

Question 44

# Module 6: Mastication, Deglutition, and Audiology What are the three phases of swallowing? ## Footnote Topic: Mastication and Deglutition (Swallowing)

Answer 44

Oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal.

Question 45

# Module 6: Mastication, Deglutition, and Audiology Which cranial nerves are involved in swallowing? ## Footnote Topic: Mastication and Deglutition (Swallowing)

Answer 45

CN V (Trigeminal), CN VII (Facial), CN IX (Glossopharyngeal), CN X (Vagus), CN XII (Hypoglossal).

Question 46

# Module 6: Mastication, Deglutition, and Audiology What are the two types of hearing loss? | Topic: Hearing and Balance

Answer 46

Conductive and sensorineural.

Question 47

# Module 6: Mastication, Deglutition, and Audiology Which part of the ear contains the cochlea? | Topic: Hearing and Balance

Answer 47

The inner ear.

Question 48

# Topic: Hearing and Balance: What is the function of the semicircular can What is the function of the semicircular canals? | Topic: Hearing and Balance

Answer 48

To detect rotational movements and help maintain balance.

Question 49

# Skeletal muscle structure and function Which of the following regarding muscle contraction is false? Calcium ions (Ca2+) are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when action potentials travel down t-tubules. The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles have many neuromuscular junctions. ATP is required for muscle contraction to occur. Nicotine is released from the motor neuron onto muscle fibres, which causes depolarization of the muscle membrane.

Answer 49

Nicotine is released from the motor neuron onto muscle fibres, which causes depolarization of the muscle membrane.

Question 50

a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates =

Answer 50

motor unit