MC week 4

Question 1

What is the term used to describe changes in behavior influenced by past experiences, even when not consciously using that experience?

a) Implicit learning
b) Explicit learning
c) Sensitization
d) Habituation

Answer 1

a) Implicit learning

Explanation: Implicit learning refers to changes in behavior influenced by past experiences without intending to learn from them.

Question 2

What describes the reduction in response to a stimulus with repeated exposure?

a) Habituation
b) Sensitization
c) Operant conditioning
d) Classical conditioning

Answer 2

a) Habituation

Explanation: Habituation is the process by which a response lessens with repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Question 3

Which type of learning involves an animal learning to associate a stimulus with a subsequent event?

a) Classical conditioning
b) Operant conditioning
c) Nonassociative learning
d) Implicit memory

Answer 3

a) Classical conditioning

Explanation: Classical conditioning involves associating a stimulus with a subsequent event, leading to learned responses.

Question 4

What factor has a significant effect on learning and memory but is often not fully understood by learners?

a) Anxiety
b) Scheduling repetitions
c) Expertise
d) Testing

Answer 4

b) Scheduling repetitions

Explanation: Spacing repetitions of study over time has a significant impact on learning, yet learners may not fully comprehend its effectiveness.

Question 5

What principle suggests that memory performance is enhanced when the test matches the type of knowledge from the original learning activity?

a) Principle of explicit learning
b) Transfer-appropriate processing
c) Metacognition principle
d) Principle of distributed practice

Answer 5

b) Transfer-appropriate processing

Explanation: Transfer-appropriate processing suggests that memory performance improves when the test aligns with the type of knowledge from the original learning activity.

Question 6

How does incidental learning differ from intentional learning?

a) Intentional learning is more effective than incidental learning
b) Incidental learning impairs recognition compared to intentional learning
c) Incidental learning occurs without the intention to learn, while intentional learning is purposeful
d) Intentional learning is better for long-term retention than incidental learning

Answer 6

c) Incidental learning occurs without the intention to learn, while intentional learning is purposeful

Explanation: Incidental learning happens without the intention to learn, while intentional learning is purposeful and directed.

Question 7

What is one potential downside of trying to learn a list of words compared to evaluating their part of speech?

a) Impaired ability to recognize the words
b) Decreased recall of the words
c) Reduced understanding of the words’ meanings
d) Enhanced ability to write down the words

Answer 7

a) Impaired ability to recognize the words

Explanation: Trying to learn a list of words might enhance recall but impair the ability to recognize the words later.

Question 8

Which technique, often underutilized, is highly effective in enhancing learning durability?

a) Distributed practice
b) Cramming
c) Overlearning
d) Intermittent study

Answer 8

a) Distributed practice

Explanation: Distributed practice, spacing out repetitions over time, is underutilized yet highly effective in enhancing the durability of learning.

Question 9

What type of learning is characterized by interleaving multiple skills to be learned?

a) Classical conditioning
b) Operant conditioning
c) Distributed practice
d) Interleaved practice

Answer 9

d) Interleaved practice

Explanation: Interleaved practice involves mixing or interleaving multiple skills to be learned, leading to improved performance.

Question 10

What role does forgetting play in the learning process?

a) Forgetting hampers the learning process
b) Forgetting is unrelated to the learning process
c) Forgetting is essential for efficient learning
d) Forgetting enhances short-term memory

Answer 10

c) Forgetting is essential for efficient learning

Explanation: Forgetting helps in discarding irrelevant information, making memory more efficient.

Question 11

What does the principle of transfer-appropriate processing suggest about learning and memory?

a) Memory is better when the test aligns with the original learning activity
b) Memory is improved with intention-based learning
c) Memory performance is better with distributed practice
d) Memory is enhanced with spaced repetitions

Answer 11

a) Memory is better when the test aligns with the original learning activity

Explanation: The principle of transfer-appropriate processing suggests that memory is better when the test aligns with the type of knowledge from the original learning activity.

Question 12

What does the evidence suggest about self-control of learning?

a) Self-control of learning is always highly effective
b) Self-control of learning is effective only with difficult material
c) Self-control of learning is ineffective without accurate learning strategies
d) Self-control of learning is ineffective in older learners

Answer 12

c) Self-control of learning is ineffective without accurate learning strategies

Explanation: Self-control of learning can be effective but requires learners to have accurate ideas about effective learning strategies.

Question 13

What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov’s experiment with the dog and the bell?

A) The bell
B) The dog
C) The food
D) The drooling

Answer 13

C) The food
Explanation: The unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov’s experiment is the food. It naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response (UR) in the dog, which is drooling.

Question 14

Which of the following best defines classical conditioning?

A) Associating two neutral stimuli to create a learned response
B) Linking a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned response (UR)
C) Pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) with a conditioned response (CR)
D) Creating an association between a neutral stimulus and a psychologically significant event

Answer 14

D) Creating an association between a neutral stimulus and a psychologically significant event
Explanation: Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a psychologically significant event to create a learned response. It’s about forming connections between stimuli that were previously unrelated.

Question 15

In classical conditioning, what does the conditioned response (CR) represent?

A) The initial instinctual response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)
B) The automatic response to the conditioned stimulus (CS)
C) The natural, unlearned reaction to a neutral stimulus
D) The deliberate response to a psychologically significant event

Answer 15

B) The automatic response to the conditioned stimulus (CS)
Explanation: The conditioned response (CR) is the learned or conditioned reaction that occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus (CS). It’s a result of the pairing of the CS with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 16

Which scenario best exemplifies classical conditioning in humans?

A) Feeling cold when seeing snow falling
B) Enjoying a favorite song during a happy event
C) Startling at a loud unexpected noise
D) Salivating at the sight of a delicious meal

Answer 16

B) Enjoying a favorite song during a happy event
Explanation: This scenario best exemplifies classical conditioning because it associates a neutral stimulus (the song) with a psychologically significant event (a happy occasion), leading to a positive response.

Question 17

What is the significance of classical conditioning in understanding human behavior?

A) It is a theory solely applicable to animal behavior.
B) It explains only instinctual reactions to stimuli.
C) It helps in understanding the complexity of associative learning.
D) It demonstrates the limitations of conditioning in human responses.

Answer 17

C) It helps in understanding the complexity of associative learning.
Explanation: Classical conditioning, while simple in its concept, plays a crucial role in understanding how humans associate stimuli with emotionally significant events, contributing to our understanding of associative learning and behavior.

Question 18

What distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning?

A) Operant conditioning involves involuntary responses.
B) Classical conditioning focuses on stimulus-behavior associations.
C) Operant conditioning involves emitted voluntary behaviors.
D) Classical conditioning emphasizes the law of effect.

Answer 18

C) Operant conditioning involves emitted voluntary behaviors.
Explanation: Operant conditioning deals with voluntary behaviors that operate on the environment, while classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses associated with stimuli.

Question 19

Which term best describes the effect that increases the probability of a behavior recurring in operant conditioning?

A) Reinforcer
B) Stimulus
C) Punisher
D) Neutralizer

Answer 19

A) Reinforcer
Explanation: In operant conditioning, reinforcers are the effects that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. They can be positive or negative and strengthen the association between the behavior and its consequence.

Question 20

According to Thorndike’s law of effect, what determines the likelihood of a behavior being repeated?

A) The intensity of the behavior
B) The frequency of the behavior
C) The positive or negative consequence of the behavior
D) The inherent nature of the behavior

Answer 20

C) The positive or negative consequence of the behavior
Explanation: Thorndike’s law of effect suggests that behaviors leading to positive consequences are likely to be repeated, while those with negative consequences are less likely to recur.

Question 21

What distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning regarding the learned association?

A) Classical conditioning associates stimuli with behaviors.
B) Operant conditioning associates behaviors with stimuli.
C) Classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviors only.
D) Operant conditioning involves emitted involuntary behaviors.

Answer 21

A) Classical conditioning associates stimuli with behaviors.

Explanation: In classical conditioning, the association is between a stimulus and a significant event, while in operant conditioning, it’s between a behavior and a significant event.

Question 22

Which phenomenon is associated with classical conditioning in drug use?

A) Decreased sensitivity to pain in the presence of drug-associated cues
B) Increased tolerance to a drug in the absence of familiar cues
C) Reduced motivation to continue drug usage due to cues
D) Overdose due to increased dosage in the presence of familiar cues

Answer 22

B) Increased tolerance to a drug in the absence of familiar cues

Explanation: Classical conditioning in drug use can lead to increased tolerance when a drug is taken in a new environment without familiar cues that usually accompany its usage.

Question 23

What term best describes the phenomenon where an animal fails to learn an association between a new stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus due to prior conditioning with another stimulus?

A) Acquisition
B) Extinction
C) Blocking
D) Spontaneous recovery

Answer 23

C) Blocking
Explanation: Blocking occurs when an animal has already associated one stimulus (Stimulus A) with a US and fails to learn an association between a new stimulus (Stimulus B) and the same US due to prior conditioning with Stimulus A.

Question 24

Why is the occurrence of prediction error essential in classical conditioning?

A) To confirm the conditioned response
B) To ensure the conditioning process
C) To initiate extinction
D) To facilitate learning through a discrepancy between predicted and actual outcomes

Answer 24

D) To facilitate learning through a discrepancy between predicted and actual outcomes
Explanation: Prediction error is crucial in classical conditioning because it creates a situation where there’s a difference between the expected outcome and the actual outcome, allowing for effective learning.

Question 25

What does preparedness refer to in the context of classical conditioning? A) The tendency to associate certain stimuli with a particular response B) The biological inclination to associate specific stimuli and responses C) The propensity to avoid conditioning in familiar environments D) The ability to forget previous learned associations

Answer 25

B) The biological inclination to associate specific stimuli and responses Explanation: Preparedness refers to the innate tendency of organisms, such as rats and humans, to more readily associate certain stimuli with specific responses, such as flavors with illness.

Question 26

What effect occurs when the conditioned response (CR) reappears following a lapse in exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS) after extinction? A) Blocking effect B) Spontaneous recovery C) Renewal effect D) Discriminative stimulus

Answer 26

B) Spontaneous recovery Explanation: Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of rest or a lapse in exposure to the conditioned stimulus following extinction.

Question 27

What does the renewal effect suggest after extinction in classical conditioning? A) The original learning is completely erased B) The original learning inhibits the response in a new context C) The CR returns in a different environment D) Extinction has no impact on the learned behavio

Answer 27

C) The CR returns in a different environment Explanation: The renewal effect indicates that after extinction, if the conditioned stimulus (CS) is tested in a new context, the conditioned response (CR) can return.

Question 28

What concept explains that behaviors become automatic and routine after prolonged repetition? A) Spontaneous recovery B) Operant conditioning C) Reinforcer devaluation effect D) Formation of habits

Answer 28

D) Formation of habits Explanation: The formation of habits refers to behaviors becoming automatic and routine after prolonged repetition, reducing sensitivity to changes in reinforcement.

Question 29

What describes the scenario where an animal, after associating a response with a reinforcer, chooses not to perform the response due to a reinforcer becoming aversive? A) Spontaneous recovery B) Reinforcer devaluation effect C) Instrumental conditioning D) Renewal effect

Answer 29

B) Reinforcer devaluation effect Explanation: The reinforcer devaluation effect occurs when an animal refrains from performing a response that once produced a reinforcer that is now aversive.

Question 30

Which learning process involves an individual observing others and acquiring knowledge and behaviors without direct experience? A) Instrumental conditioning B) Classical conditioning C) Observational learning D) Habit formation

Answer 30

C) Observational learning Explanation: Observational learning involves acquiring knowledge and behaviors by observing others, without direct personal experience, as described in the scenario of a child observing other children playing a game on the playground.

Question 31

What is the primary role of social models in Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory? A) To provide reinforcement for observed behaviors B) To directly teach new behaviors to learners C) To act as examples whose behavior is observed and imitated D) To enforce consequences for behaviors learned through observation

Answer 31

C) To act as examples whose behavior is observed and imitated Explanation: Social models serve as examples whose behavior is observed and imitated by learners, forming the basis of observational learning according to Bandura's theory

Question 32

Which aspect is not a part of Bandura's theory of observational learning? A) Retention B) Reinforcement C) Attention D) Initiation

Answer 32

B) Reinforcement Explanation: Bandura's theory includes attention, retention, initiation, and motivation as the four components of observational learning. Reinforcement, though influential, is not explicitly a part of these components in his theory.

Question 33

What was the major finding of Bandura's "Bobo doll experiment" regarding observational learning? A) Children imitated aggressive behavior they observed in the adult model B) Children showed no change in behavior regardless of the adult model's actions C) Children were completely unaffected by the adult model's behavior towards Bobo D) Children learned to fear the Bobo doll due to the adult model's aggressive actions

Answer 33

A) Children imitated aggressive behavior they observed in the adult model Explanation: Bandura found that children who observed an adult model displaying aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll were more likely to imitate this aggression when left alone with the doll.

Question 34

In Bandura's study, what did children in the aggression group demonstrate when the adult model received punishment for aggressing against Bobo? A) They displayed even more aggressive behavior towards Bobo B) They completely stopped interacting with Bobo C) They showed less aggressive behavior towards Bobo D) They continued to imitate the adult model's behavior

Answer 34

C) They showed less aggressive behavior towards Bobo Explanation: Bandura found that children who observed the adult model receiving punishment for aggressive behavior against Bobo showed less aggression themselves. This supports Bandura's concept of vicarious reinforcement.

Question 35

What does Bandura refer to when he discusses "vicarious reinforcement" in the context of observational learning? A) Direct reinforcement experienced by the learner B) Consequences experienced by the observer for their own actions C) The reinforcement received by the social model for their behavior D) The influence of observing consequences on the learner's behavior

Answer 35

D) The influence of observing consequences on the learner's behavior Explanation: Bandura uses the term "vicarious reinforcement" to describe the effect of observing consequences on the learner's beha

Question 36

What distinguishes knowledge emotions such as surprise, interest, confusion, and awe from other emotions? A) Their connection to basic survival instincts B) Their association with learning and reflecting on knowledge C) Their intensity compared to other emotions D) Their absence of physiological responses

Answer 36

B) Their association with learning and reflecting on knowledge Explanation: Knowledge emotions are distinct due to their direct connection with learning experiences and the reflection upon knowledge acquisition.

Question 37

According to functionalist theories of emotion, what role do emotions like fear and happiness play? A) They serve as triggers for memory consolidation B) They regulate bodily functions like heart rate and digestion C) They help manage important tasks and build attachments D) They indicate underlying psychological disorders

Answer 37

C) They help manage important tasks and build attachments Explanation: Functional theories suggest emotions like fear and happiness aid in managing crucial tasks and building social connections.

Question 38

What is the primary function of surprise in the context of learning? A) It prolongs the attention span for prolonged periods B) It triggers a fight or flight response C) It interrupts ongoing activities to evaluate possible danger D) It induces a state of confusion for better retention

Answer 38

C) It interrupts ongoing activities to evaluate possible danger Explanation: Surprise interrupts ongoing activities, drawing attention to the unexpected event for evaluation of potential danger.

Question 39

According to appraisal theories, what forms the basis for different emotions arising from similar events? A) The intensity of the event B) The physical environment where the event occurs C) Evaluations and judgments about the event's meaning for goals and well-being D) The duration of the event

Answer 39

C) Evaluations and judgments about the event's meaning for goals and well-being Explanation: Appraisal theories propose that different emotions arise from evaluations and judgments about how events relate to personal goals and well-being.

Question 40

What characterizes the appraisal process leading to the emotion of interest? A) Novelty and complexity of the event B) Familiarity and simplicity of the event C) Predictability and routine of the event D) Clarity and comprehensibility of the event

Answer 40

A) Novelty and complexity of the event Explanation: Interest stems from events that are both novel and complex, engaging the individual in exploration and learning.

Question 41

How does interest primarily differ from surprise in terms of appraisals? A) Interest involves evaluations of novelty, while surprise assesses potential coping strategies B) Interest evaluates complexity, while surprise assesses emotional intensity C) Interest appraises coping potential, while surprise appraises unexpectedness D) Interest evaluates danger, while surprise assesses emotional attachment

Answer 41

C) Interest appraises coping potential, while surprise appraises unexpectedness Explanation: While interest assesses coping potential alongside novelty and complexity, surprise primarily focuses on the appraisal of unexpectedness.

Question 42

What is the key effect of interest on an individual’s behavior? A) It induces a fight or flight response B) It encourages exploration and deeper engagement with the subject C) It leads to a state of confusion and disorientation D) It triggers avoidance behavior towards the stimulus

Answer 42

B) It encourages exploration and deeper engagement with the subject Explanation: Interest stimulates exploration and deeper engagement with the subject, fostering learning and reflection.

Question 43

What is trait curiosity, as described in the text? A) A measure of fear in response to unfamiliar situations B) A facet of openness to experience associated with exploring new things C) A predictor of emotional detachment from new experiences D) A measure of avoidance behavior in response to novelty

Answer 43

B) A facet of openness to experience associated with exploring new things Explanation: Trait curiosity is a facet of openness to experience, indicative of a tendency to explore new and unconventional things.

Question 44

How does interest influence the learning process? A) It hinders the retention of information due to distraction B) It encourages shallow engagement with the subject matter C) It facilitates faster, deeper, and more enjoyable learning D) It limits exploration and critical thinking

Answer 44

C) It facilitates faster, deeper, and more enjoyable learning Explanation: Interest promotes more effective learning by encouraging deeper engagement and enhancing the enjoyment of the learning process.

Question 45

What characterizes individuals with high trait curiosity? A) They are less likely to explore new activities and ideas B) They demonstrate avoidance behaviors towards unconventional experiences C) They tend to ask fewer questions and engage less with new information D) They exhibit a preference for offbeat and new activities and have higher intellectual engagement

Answer 45

D) They exhibit a preference for offbeat and new activities and have higher intellectual engagement Explanation: Individuals with high trait curiosity tend to gravitate toward new experiences, ask more questions, and show higher intellectual engagement with unconventional activities and ideas.

Question 46

Which of the following best defines confusion in the context of learning and emotions? A) Feeling frustrated and disengaged when encountering new information B) A state arising from unfamiliarity and the complexity of something hard to comprehend C) A response of passive listening when faced with a challenging concept D) An emotional response indicating complete comprehension of a new subject

Answer 46

B) A state arising from unfamiliarity and the complexity of something hard to comprehend Explanation: Confusion results from encountering something both unfamiliar and hard to understand, contributing to a state of mental complexity.

Question 47

How does confusion influence learning according to impasse-driven learning theory? A) It encourages passive reception of information from instructors B) It induces frustration leading to disengagement C) It motivates active thinking and problem-solving D) It inhibits memory consolidation for new concepts

Answer 47

C) It motivates active thinking and problem-solving Explanation: Confusion, in impasse-driven learning, motivates individuals to actively engage in thinking and problem-solving instead of passively receiving information.

Question 48

How are artificial intelligence (AI) tutoring systems utilizing information about confusion in educational settings? A) By avoiding students displaying confusion during learning tasks B) By dismissing signs of confusion to maintain a smooth learning process C) By detecting expressions of confusion and providing help and guidance D) By penalizing students for expressing confusion during learning

Answer 48

C) By detecting expressions of confusion and providing help and guidance Explanation: AI tutoring systems utilize the detection of confusion to offer assistance and hints, aiding students in working through challenging problems.

Question 49

What characterizes the appraisal process leading to the emotion of awe? A) Familiarity and predictability of the event B) Complexity and emotional intensity of the event C) Size and scope beyond one’s typical experience D) Simplicity and ease of understanding the event

Answer 49

C) Size and scope beyond one’s typical experience Explanation: Awe arises from appraising an event as vast and beyond the ordinary scope of one’s typical experiences, triggering a sense of wonder and fascination.

Question 50

What is the connection between awe and its influence on learning? A) Awe leads to disengagement from unfamiliar subjects B) Awe motivates individuals to avoid unfamiliar concepts C) Awe prompts individuals to actively engage with novel and profound experiences D) Awe hinders exploration and curiosity about the unknown

Answer 50

C) Awe prompts individuals to actively engage with novel and profound experiences Explanation: Awe motivates active engagement and exploration of novel and profound experiences, thereby fostering learning and reflection.

Question 51

What personality traits are associated with individuals who frequently experience awe? A) High levels of introversion and emotional suppression B) High levels of conscientiousness and routine orientation C) High levels of openness to experience and extraversion D) High levels of neuroticism and avoidance behavior

Answer 51

C) High levels of openness to experience and extraversion Explanation: People frequently experiencing awe exhibit higher levels of openness to new experiences and extraversion, traits associated with a wide emotional range and positive emotionality.