MCAS Flashcards
BIOLOGY (147 cards)
1
Q
A circle in a pedigree chart represents…
A
a female
2
Q
A human cell has ______ chromosomes?
A
46
3
Q
A human sex cell has _____ chromosomes?
A
23
4
Q
A shaded square or circle in a pedigree represents…
A
a person affected with the trait
5
Q
A square in a pedigree chart represents…
A
a male
6
Q
Abiotic
A
a = ‘without’; non-living things in an environment
7
Q
Activation energy
A
energy needed to get a reaction started
8
Q
Active transport
A
opposite of passive, energy needed to move from low concentration to high concentration
9
Q
Adaptation
A
process of changing to better match an environment
10
Q
Adenosine triphosphate or ATP
A
ATP = Energy molecule
11
Q
Alleles
A
two versions of a gene (one from mother, one from father)
12
Q
Artificial selection
A
“breeding”–selection arranged by humans as in dogs, horses and agriculture
13
Q
Asexual reproduction
A
“without sex” process of cloning–mitosis, binary fission, budding
14
Q
Auto
A
self
15
Q
Autotroph
A
Self-Feeding…mainly plants
16
Q
BASE PAIR Rule
A
A-T and C-G
17
Q
Biochemistry
A
study of chemicals that make up living things
18
Q
Biodiversity
A
the diversity of life
19
Q
Biome
A
a very large area in which common organisms live
20
Q
Biotechnology
A
new technology based on DNA technology
21
Q
Biotic
A
living things in an environment
22
Q
Camouflage
A
adapting to an environment via color (example of natural selection)
23
Q
Carbohydrates are made up of…
A
sugars (monosaccharides)
24
Q
Carnivore
A
organism that eats only other animals
25
Carrier
an organism that carries a copy of a mutation (abnormal gene)
26
Cell membrane
barrier on all cells separating the inside of the cell from the outside world
27
Cell membranes are made of...
phospholipid bilayer
28
Cell Respiration reaction
opposite of photosynthesis (C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O)
29
Charles Darwin
proposed theory of evolution in "Origin of Species"
30
Chloroplasts
ONLY in PLANT cells, contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
31
CHNOPS stands for...
atoms of life-Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
32
CO2 stands for
carbon dioxide
33
Codominant trait
two alleles are dominant at the same time (blood type is an example ---AB are codominant)
34
Codon
3 bases or nucleotides
35
Competition
struggle for natural resources, territory
36
Complementary strand
matching strand
37
Concentration gradient
difference of concentration from one area to another
38
Consumer
organism that does not make its own food & consumes (eats) plant
39
Cytoplasm
jelly-like substance that fills the cell, all organelles sit in it
40
Decomposer
organism that breaks down dead material (such as bacteria, fungi, vultures)
41
Diffusion
passive transport
42
Diploid
2 pairs of chromosomes-46 in total
43
DNA stands for
deoxyribonucleic acid
44
DNA structure is
a double helix
45
Dominant Allele
the allele that shows in the offspring (BB= Black Hair in offspring as well as Bb)
46
Dominant trait
one mutation is passed down to child for child to show trait
47
Ecosystem
place where all living and non-living factors are considered together
48
Embryo
earliest development of an organism
49
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
highway of cell
50
Enzymes
proteins that speed up reactions in life
51
Eukaryotes
any cell with a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants & animals)
52
Evolution
change over time based on natural selection
53
Examples of homeostasis are...
maintaining body temp. through sweat, panting and pH
54
Extinction
the disappearance of a species from Earth
55
Fertilization
when sperm and egg combine
56
Food chain
transfer of energy from one organism to another
57
Food web
the interconnection of food chains in an ecosystem
58
Fossil record
the record of fossils of a particular organism (deeper fossils are older)
59
Fossils
traces or remains of dead organisms that have been preserved
60
Gametes
sperm or egg cells
61
Gene expression
part of DNA used to create protein
62
Genetic Code
3 bases or codon determine which amino acid in protein
63
Genetic cross
having two organisms reproduce sexually
64
Genetic variations
differences among organisms
65
Genotype
combination of genes (BB, Bb, bb)
66
Geographic isolation
organisms are separated from each other by physical barrier of mountain, ocean, etc. (Darwin's birds and beak adaptation)
67
Golgi Complex or Apparatus
packages proteins in cell
68
Haploid
half the chromosomes----23 chromosomes
69
Herbivore
organism that eats only plants
70
Hetero
different/other
71
Heterotroph
other feeding (any organisms that need plants to survive)
72
Heterozygous
have different versions of the two alleles (Gg, Bb, etc.)
73
Homeostasis
process of maintaining a balanced (constant) internal environment
74
Homologous structures
similar structures in many different organisms (bones in arm of humans, chickens, etc.)
75
Homozygous
having the same version of two alleles (gg, GG, BB, bb)
76
How many sugar molecules in a disaccharide?
2
77
Hydrophilic
water loving
78
Hydrophobic
afraid of water
79
Inheritance
process of passing on DNA from parent to children
80
Lipids are....
fats
81
Lock & Key
enzymes "fit" into molecules like a key to speed up reactions
82
Lysosome
"Lysol" of the cell; full of enzymes to break down substances
83
Mammals
animals with hair who nurse their offspring and maintain a constant body temperature
84
Meiosis
makes gametes
85
Meiosis produces haploid or diploid cells?
haploid (half or 23 chromosomes)
86
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell, where energy (ATP) is released
87
Mitosis
process of cell division; 1 cell makes 2 daughter cells
88
Mitosis produces haploid or diploid cells?
diploids (46 chromosomes)
89
Molecules are atoms held together with...
bonds
90
Mutation
a change in the DNA of an organism
91
Name 2 simple carbohydrates (saccharides)
glucose, fructose
92
Name 3 parts of cell theory
1. organisms are made of 1+ cells 2. cell is basic structure of all living things 3. cells come from existing cells
93
Natural selection
process of evolution where organism that are better adapted are more likely to pass on their genes to their offspring
94
Nucleic acid examples
DNA and RNA
95
Nucleotide
1 sugar-phosphate and base in nucleic acids
96
Nucleus
organelle where chromosomes and DNA are stored in a cell
97
Omnivore
organism that eats either plants or other animals
98
Organic compounds
molecules containing carbon
99
Osmosis
passive transport of water across a membrane
100
Parasites
organism that live on or within another organism
101
Passive transport
movement from high concentration to low concentration--no energy needed
102
Pedigree
chart that maps out genetic traits in a family
103
Peptide
chain of amino acids
104
Phenotype
physical appearance of trait (Black, Black, brown)
105
Photo
light
106
Photosynthesis
to make sugar from light (only in plants)
107
Photosynthesis reaction is...
CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2
108
Polygenic trait
trait influenced by many genes (skin color is an example)
109
Polypeptide
a protein
110
Population
organisms of one species that live in one place
111
Predators
organism that feeds on other organism (prey)
112
Prey
organisms hunted/eaten by other organisms (predators)
113
Primary consumer
herbivores...organisms that eat producers (plants)
114
Process of making a new copy of DNA
DNA replication
115
Process of making mRNA from DNA
transcription
116
Process of using mRNA to Amino Acid
translation
117
Producer
organism that produces or makes its own food (plants, algae, etc.)
118
Prokaryotes
organisms with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelle (bacteria, some algae)
119
Proteins are made from...
amino acids
120
Punnett Square
Square used to represent a cross
121
Recessive Allele
Allele that does not show in offspring (Bb=Black Hair, so b is recessive for brown hair that doesn't show up)
122
Recessive trait
two copies of a mutation are needed to show the trait
123
Recombinant DNA
"recombining DNA" from crossing over
124
Ribosomes
workers that make proteins
125
RNA stands for
ribonucleic acid
126
Salt...
...sucks
127
Secondary consumer
omnivores and/or carnivores...organisms that eat primary consumers
128
Selectively permeable
allows certain molecules in or out of cell membrane
129
Sex-linked trait
a trait carried on the X or Y chromosome (example is color-blindness)
130
Sexual reproduction
process of creating unique offspring by combining two different pieces of DNA
131
Species
organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
132
Survival of the fittest
being able to have offspring (kids)
133
Symbiosis
close relationships between different organisms
134
Synthesis
to make
135
Tertiary consumer
carnivores...organisms that eat secondary consumers
136
Trait
physical characteristic of an organism (color, appearance, etc.)
137
Vacuole
storage holder in cell
138
Vestigial structure
a left over of evolutionary change (tailbone, whale leg bones)
139
What are the 4 bases in DNA?
ACTG
140
What are the 4 bases in RNA?
ACUG
141
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
creates more genetic diversity to improve chance of organism's survival
142
What are the shape of proteins?
3D!
143
What are the shape of some lipids?
Long chains
144
What is a chromosome?
DNA --> gene are packaged in chromosomes
145
What is a gene?
specific piece of DNA that holds code for protein
146
What is a polysaccharide?
many sugars...starch
147
Which process do the animals in the food web use to convert energy from food into ATP?
cellular respiration
