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MCAT - Biology > MCAT Biology Ch1: The Cell Kap > Flashcards

MCAT Biology Ch1: The Cell Kap Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

chromosome

A

genetic material encoded in DNA organized into linear strands in eukaryotes

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2
Q

cystosol

A

cell membrane enclosing this semifluid in eukaryotes

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3
Q

nucleus

A

chromosomes are found in here in eukaryotes

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4
Q

eukaryotes diff

A

plants: cell wall and choroplasts

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5
Q

eukaryotic organelles

A

separate bio chem rxns into distinct membrane bound organelles, suspended in aq. cystosol contain free proteins, nutrients, and other solutes.

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6
Q

cytoskeleton

A

made up of three proteins (actin and intermediate filaments, microtubules); allow materials moved around inside cell, anchoring other organelles w.in cell

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7
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

cell membrane made of this; hydrophobic tail (intramembrane) and hydrophilic head

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8
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

theory of phospholipid bilayer, protein and lipids rafts control solutes in and outside of cell; these molecules usually freely mobile w/in membrane, easier for nonpolar (ex: steroid) and not polar (proteins, attach to cell receptor and modify cell activity via internal 2ndary messenger, like cAMP)

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9
Q

cholesterol in membranes

A

in cell membrane, helps regulate fluidity or stiffness of membrane but also generate all steroid hormones

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10
Q

transport protein

A

control in and out of cell for polar molecules and ions

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11
Q

cell adhesion molecules (CAM)

A

cells recognition, proper cell differentiation and development

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12
Q

nucleus

A

contains all genetic material need for replication

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13
Q

nuclear membrane/envelope

A

nucleus surrounded by this; double membraned, separate and distinct from cytoplasm

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14
Q

nuclear pores

A

selective two way exchange of material in and out of nucleus

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15
Q

genes

A

genetic material (DNA) organized into coding regions

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16
Q

histones

A

linear DNA wound around organizing proteins

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17
Q

chromosomes (chromatids)

A

linear DNA wound around organizing proteins and further wound

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18
Q

nucleolus

A

subsection of nucleus, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

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19
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

where free and bound ribosomes go, membrane-bound channels in cytoplasm that transport proteins and lipids to various parts of the cell; proper protein production (via bound ribosomes); series of interconnected of membrane bound organelles

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20
Q

ribosome

A

responsible for protein production, free or bound

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21
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and positions

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22
Q

rough ER

A

more directed to production of protein products

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23
Q

golgi apparatus

A

certain products get repackaged; series of membrane-bound sacs; smooth ER –> repackages –> cell surface –> secretory vesicles –> exocytosis directs materials w/in cell

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24
Q

secretory vesicles

A

products sent here and released to cell exterior

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25
exocytosis
process of releasing contents of cell to exterior
26
vesicles/vacuoles (plants, larger)
wrapping; transport and store materials ingested, secreted, processed, or digested.
27
lysosome
1. garbage dump, takes material from endosomes, uses hydrolytic enzymes at lower pH (5) (these are sequestered from cells to prevent damage through oxidized intermediates) 2. remove old and replace with new 3. cause death (autolysis), selectively choose when to release enzymes, commit suicide 4. recycling properties used in other cell processes
28
mitochondria
power plant, two layers are inner and outer; semiautonomous, some of own genes and replicate independently via binary fission, evolved from pro ingesting another in symbiotic relationship; can released some enyzmes of ETC during apotosis, circular DNA
29
outer membrane of mito
in and out materials for respiration, based on size
30
inner membrane of mito
numerous infoldings (cristae) which are highly convoluted --> inc SA --> ETC enzymes sit; encloses mito matrix have many other enzymes for cell respiration
31
intermembrane space
between inner and outer membrane of mito
32
microbodies
catalyzed specific rxn by sequestering the necessary enzymes and substrates
33
peroxisomes
creation of H2O2 in cell and breaks down fats into usable and catalyze detoxification rxns in liver
34
glyoxysomes
germinating plants, converts fat to usable fuel (sugars) until plants can make its own energy via photosynthesis
35
chloroplast
solar power plants, in plants and algae, contain chlorophyll, generation of energy using water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight, own DNA, evolved via symbosis
36
cell wall
stronger barriers and structural support, defense and stability, plants (cellulose), fungi (chitin)
37
centrioles
special mictrobules, for spindle formation, not membrane bound , oriented at right angle, animal= plant cells don't have
38
cytoskeleton
highway, transport and strength, three components are microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
39
microfilaments (smallest of road)
made up of actin, include muscle contraction, interact w/ myosin, moveoment of material w/in cell membrane and anoeboid movement
40
microtubules
hollower than actin, polymer of tubulin proteins, largest road in cell, chromosoal separation during mitosis and meiosis, structural basis for cilia and flagella (trap foreign mat.), motility for sperm
41
intermediate filamennts
collection of fibers, overall integrity of cell
42
osmosis
simple diffusion dealing w/ water, ususally when impermeable to solute
43
facilitated
simple diffusion w/ integral proteins
44
endocytosis
engulf in vesicle in cell
45
pinocytosis
endocytosis w/ fluid and small particles
46
phagocytosis
endocytosis w/ large molecules, often receptors w/ substrate
47
exocytosis
release from cell
48
epithelial tissue (skin)
covers body and line cavities; protection, against invasion, dessication, absorption, secretion, and sensation
49
connective tissue (bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood)
supports and framework for high level of interactions
50
nervous tissue (neurons)
neurons are primary cell; electrochem gradient allow for cell signaling and coordinated control of multiple tissues, organs, and organs systems
51
muscle tissue
three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth and cardiac, each w/ specific function, all exhibit great contractile ability and strength
52
virus
acellular structures composed of nucleic acid surrounded by protei coat; small as 20 nm or large as 300 nm; nuclear info circular or linear, single or double stranded, and DNa or RNA
53
capsid
protein coat of virus
54
obligate intracellular parasites
can't reproduce independently, so called this violate cell theory, aren't considered alive.
55
virions
virus will replicate and turn out new copies of itself and can be released to infect new cells
56
bacteriophages
virus that specifically target bacteria; don't enter bacteria, injecting their genetic material (bacterias never enter a cell)
57
cell theory
all organisms (unicellular or multicellular): 1. all living things composed of cells 2. cell is the unit of life 3. cells arise from preexisting cells 4. cells carry genetic info in form of DNA. this is passed form parent to daughter.
58
DNA
cells carry genetic info this form
59
magnification
increase in the apparent size of an object
60
resolution
diff two closely place objects
61
diaphragm
controls amount of light passing through the specimen, important for image contrast
62
coarse adjustment knob
roughly focuses image, moving the stage up and down
63
fine adjustment knob
finely focuses image, same as coarse knob, smaller range of focus
64
phase contrast microscope
living organisms, rely on diff in relative indices among diff sub cellular structures, able to view cells activity but aren't able inc the contrast using dye or prep technique
65
electron microscope
most powerful microscope, atomic level, limiting factor is medium, used beam of electrons, pm, subcellular structure, prep tech requried very thin slices and w/ heaving OsO4 for appropriate contrast, death
66
autoradiography
at cell level, use radioactive decay follow biochem processes, dist'n of radioactive material in cell and where biochem rxns
67
centrifugation
spin rapid speed, inc. apparent force on object in tube, based on shape and density
68
bacteria
all are prokaryotes
69
cell wall
in pro, not enclose any membrane bound organlles, like nuclei or ER
70
nucleotide
genetic material contain in single circular molecule of DNA concentrated in this area
71
plasmid
carry other pieces of genetic info in small, circular pieces of DNA, small than nuclear genome and contain a few genes, replicate indie of nuclear genome, copies can be transferred from one bac to another
72
bacteria contains
cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, nucleotide region, plasmid, flagella (motility, also found in eukaryotic cells)
73
cytosol
cell membrane enclosed this semi fluid in eukaryotes
74
compound light microscope
uses two lenses or system of lenses to magnify object. total magnification power is the product of two lenses (eyepiece and objective)
75
prokaryotes
bacteria
76
eukaryotes
protists, fungi, plants, animals
77
prokaryotes
cell walls present in all
78
prokaryotes
no nucleus
79
prokaryotes
ribosomes subunits are 30s and 50s
80
prokaryotes
no membrane bound organelles
81
prokaryotes
unicellular
82
eukaryotes
cell wall present in fungi and plants only
83
eukaryotes
nucleus
84
eukaryotes
ribosome subunits = 40s and 60s
85
eukaryotes
membrane-bound organelles
86
eukaryotes
unicellular or multicellular
87
diff. molecules through memebrane
allow nutrients and required compound in while preventing bacteria, viruses, and harmful compounds from entering
88
DNA two main functions
directing protein synthesis and serving as genetic blueprint during cell replication
89
mitochondria
inherited only from mother, so if genetic defect in on of these genes => all children get it man can't pass it
90
RBS
transport function, have no organelles at all
91
diffusion
down its potential energy gradient
92
endo/exocytosis
allow cell to compartmentalize certain functions => creating specific environments favorable to rxns like digestion isolate compounds from cytosol
93
virus
enter cells in order to rep, while bacteria don't
94
passive transport
transfer solutes down their conc. gradients, no energy required, since energy already stored in chem gradient

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