MCAT Physics Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
What are the units (MKS) of each of the following: 1. Length 2. Mass
A
- Meter (m) 2. Kilogram (kg)
2
Q
What are the units (MKS) of each of the following: 1. Force 2. Time
A
- Newton (N) 2. second (s)
3
Q
What are the units (MKS) of each of the following: 1. Work & Energy 2. Power
A
- Joules (J) 2. Watt (W)
4
Q
Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following powers: 10 ^9 10 ^6
A
Giga (G or B) Mega (M)
5
Q
Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following powers: 10^ 3 10 ^ -2
A
Kilo (k) Centi (c)
6
Q
Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following powers: 10 ^ -3 10^ -6
A
Milli (m) Micro (µ)
7
Q
Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following powers: 10^ -9 10^ -12
A
Nano (n) Pico (p)
8
Q
Put the following in standard scientific notation : 103 123456
A
1.03 x 10^2 1.23456 x 10^5
9
Q
Put the following in standard scientific notation : 103 x 10^2 0.103 x 10^-4
A
1.03 x 10^4 1.03 x 10^-5
10
Q
Put the following in standard scientific notation : (2x10^6)(9x10^2)= (1x10^4) / (2x10^7)
A
1.8 x 10^9 ****multiply large numbers and add exponents! 5 x 10^-4
11
Q
Given the right triangle, state the trigonometric functions: sinØ =
A
sinØ = opposite/hypotenuse = y/h “SOH”
12
Q
Given the right triangle, state the trigonometric functions: cosØ=
A
cosØ = adjacent/hypotenuse = x/h “CAH”
13
Q
Given the right triangle, state the trigonometric functions: tanØ=
A
tanØ = opposite/adjacent = y/x
14
Q
What are the sin and cos values for the following angles? 0º
A
sin0º = 0 cos0º= 1
15
Q
What are the sin and cos values for the following angles? 90º
A
sin90º = 1 cos90º = 0
16
Q
What are the sin and cos values for the following angles? 30º
A
sin30º = 1/2 cos30º = √3/2
17
Q
What are the sin and cos values for the following angles? 60º
A
sin60º = √3/2 cos60º = 1/2
18
Q
What are the sin and cos values for the following angles? 45º
A
sin45º= √2/2 cos45º= √2/2
19
Q
What are the sin and cos values for the following angles? 180º
A
sin180º = 0 cos180º = - 1
20
Q
What is the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity?
A
A scalar quantity has magnitude but no direction. A vector quantity has magnitude and direction
21
Q
Are teh following scalar or vector quanitites? distance, speed, mass
A
Distance speed and mass are all SCALAR = they have magnitude but no direction
22
Q
Are teh following scalar or vector quanitites? Displacement, velocity, and force
A
Displacement, veloocity and force are VECTORS = they have magnitude and direction
23
Q
T/F: The sum of two vectors is the resultant of the vectors
A
True
24
Q
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour What is the distance (d) = ?
A
d = 2 + 3 = 5miles
25
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour displacement (∆x) =
∆x = 2 miles (N) - 3miles (S) = 1 mile (S)
26
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour average velocity (v) =
average velocity (line over the v) v= ∆x/∆t = 1 mile/1 hour = 1mile/hour (S)
27
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed = 1 hour average speed (s) =
s = d/∆t =5 miles/1hour =5miles/hour
28
Is weight a vector or scalar quantity? What is the formula for calculating weight?
Weight is a vector quantity. Weight = mg (mass)(gravity)
29
What are Newton's Three Laws of Motion?
1) A body in motion with constant velocity in a straight line or path OR at rest will remain that way unless a net force acts upon it 2) Force = (mass)(acceleration) F = ma 3) To every force there is ALWAYS an equal and opposite force
30
What are the formulas for the initial horizontal and vertical velocities of a projectile launched with speed v at an angle of Ø to the horizontal?
The horizontal velocity is vcosØ the vertical velocity is vsinØ
31
What does the total horizontal distance, x, traveled by a projectile equal?
x = (initial horizontal velocity)(time in the air) x=(vcosØ)t
32
What is the formula for gravitation force?
F = (Gm1m2) / r^2
33
If the distance between two objects is doubled, by how much is the force of gravity increased or decreased?
The force would DECREASE by a factor of 4 (2^2)
34
T/F: A body in translational equilibrium has a net force moving it at a constant velocity
False, a body in translational equilibrium has no net force acting on it
35
If a lever arm is halved, by how much does the torque increase or decrease?
The torque would decrease by half ¶ = rFsinØ
36
What is the formula for calculation torque?
¶ = rFsinØ where r = distance between force and axis of rotation
37
When calculating torque, which rotation direction is considered positive and which negative?
Counterclockwise is positive and clockwise is negative
38
T/F: For rotational equilibrium to occur, the sum of all torques acting on a body must be zero
True
39
What is translational motion?
Translational motion is defined as motion in which the position of the object's center of mass changes as a function of time
40
What is the formula for the force of static friction?
0≤ fs ≤ µsN (µs = coefficient of static friction)
41
What is the formula for the force of kinetic friction?
f k = µkN (µk = coefficient of kinetic friction)
42
What is the formula for centripetal acceleration (for a body in uniform circular motion)?
ac = v2/r
43
What is the formula for centripetal force (for a body in uniform circular motion)?
Fc = mv2 / r remember F= (mass)(acceleration)
44
T/F: For a planet orbiting a star, the centripetal force is equal to the gravitational force
True
45
What is the formula for work?
W = FdcosØ W= (force)(distance)cosØ
46
What is the unit of work?
Joule (N\*m)
47
What is the formula for power?
P = W/t P = Work/time
48
What is the unit of power?
Watt (1Joule/sec)
49
What is the formula for kinetic energy?
KE = 1/2 (mv^2) KE= (mass)(velocity^2) / 2
50
What are the units of KE?
joules
51
What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?
U = mgh U= (mass)(gravity)(height)
52
What are the units of gravitational potential energy?
Units of GPE are joules
53
T/F: The total mechanical energy of a body is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies
True
54
Is total mechanical energy a constant if the only forces that act on a body are conservative (E = K + U = constant)?
Yes, E = K + U = constant
55
What is the change in energy of a system if only conservative forces act upon it?
If only conservative forces act on a body, then ∆E = 0
56
What is the formula for momentum?
p = mv p = (mass)(velocity)
57
What is the formula for impulse?
J = F∆t J= (Force)(time)
J= ∆p = (mv1 - mv0)
58
Is kinetic energy conserved in a completely elastic collision?
Yes, KE is conserved in a completely elastic collision
59
T/F: Net external force must equal zero for conservation of momentum to occur
True
60
What is the formula for the center of mass for two masses, m1 and m2, lying along the x-axis at points x1 and x2? X = ?
X = (m1x1 + m2x2) / (m1 + m2)
61
T/F: Momentum is not conserved in an inelastic collision
False, momentum is conserved in BOTH elastic and inelastic collisions
62
What are the temperatures in Kelvin and Celsius for the following? Absolute zero
0K -273 ºC
63
What are the temperatures in Kelvin and Celsius for the following? Freezing point of water
273 K 0ºC
64
What are the temperatures in Kelvin and Celsius for the following? Boiling point of water
373 K 100ºC
65
What is the formula for converting Kelvin to Celcius?
TsubC= Tk - 273
66
What is the formula for thermal expansion of a solid?
∆L = œL∆T (œ or alpha = coefficient of linear expansion) \*\*\*think a-lot
67
What is the formula for volume thermal expansion of a liquid or solid?
∆V = ßV∆T (ß = coefficient for volume expansion)
68
What type of heat transfer involves the direct transfer of energy from molecule to molecule through molecular collisions?
Conduction
69
What type of heat transfer involves the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves?
Radiation
70
What type of heat transfer involves the physical motion of heated material?
Convection
71
What are the units of heat?
The units of heat are: calorie Btu Joule
72
What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?
Calorie is a nutritional term and is equal to 1000 calories. Think: Big "C" we eat, takes 1000 little "c's" to make 1 Big "C"
73
What is the formula relating heat gained and temperature change? Q =
Q = mc∆T = (mass)(specific heat)(∆T)
74
What is heat of fusion?
Heat of fusion is the amount of energy required for a phase change from solid to liquid
75
What is heat of vaporization?
Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required for a phase change from liquid to gas
76
What is the formula for heat gained or lost during a phase change?
Q = mL = (mass)(Heat of transformation) \*\*\* different than Q=mc∆T which only deals with heat gained or temp. change NO PHASE CHANGE!
77
What is the SI unit of pressure?
The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal
78
What is an isobaric process?
An isobaric process is a process done at constant pressure
79
What is the formula for work (given an isobaric process)?
W = P∆V = (Pressure)(∆Volume)
80
What is the formula for the FIrst Law of Thermodynamics?
∆U = Q - W = (heat energy gained) - (work done BY the system)
81
T/F: Heat flow out of a system is (+) and heat flow into a system is (-)
False, heat flow out of a system is (-) and heat flow into a system is (+)
82
What is an adiabatic process?
NO heat exchange with the system! An adiabatic process is one in which no heat flows from the system to its surroundings or vice versa Q = 0
83
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system will either increase or remain unchanged
84
Does a totally reversible process increase the entropy of the universe? What about an irreversible process?
A totally reversible process does NOT increase the entropy of the universe. An irreversible process DOES increase the entropy of the universe.
85
What is the equation for density?
p (density) = m/V = (mass) / Volume
86
What is the density of H20?
p water = 1000 kg/m^3 = 1 g/cm^3
87
What is specific gravity?
Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to the density of water
88
What is the formula for calculating pressure?
P = F/A =Force/Area
89
What is the formula for absolute pressure in a liquid?
P = Po + pgh = (surface pressure) + (p)(gravity)(depth)
90
What is gauge pressure?
Gauge pressure is the pressure in excess of atmospheric pressure
91
T/F: Pascal's principle states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid an to the walls of the container
True
92
Thinking about pressure on pistons, what is the formula for the relationship between piston A and B if you push down on piston A?
F1/A1 = F2/A2
93
What is the formula for buoyant force?
Fb= pgV =(pdensity of the fluid)(g)(V volumeof the object immersed in the fluid**)
94
Given a pipe of varying cross sections, how do fluid velocity and cross-sectional area relate throughout the pipe?
A1v1 = A2v2 (volume flow rate is constant)
95
T/F: According to Bernoulli's Equation, as fluid velocity increases, absolute pressure decreases
True
96
What is viscosity?
Viscosity is the measure of the internal friction of a fluid
97
Does the viscosity of a liquid generally increase or decrease as temperature rises?
An increase in temperature generally causes the viscosity of a liquid to DECREASE (flows more easily)
98
What is the formula for Young's Modulus?
Y = (F/A) / (∆L/L) = stress/strain \*\*\*all the same stress = F/A
99
T/F: Unlike charges attract and like charges repel
True
100
What is the formula for Coulomb's Law?
F = (kq1q2) / r^2 = [(constant)(charge1)(charge2)] / (distance^2)
101
If the distance between two charged objects is tripled, by how much does the electrostatic force change?
The electrostatic force would decrease by a factor of 9
102
If the distance between two charged objects is halved, by how much does the electrostatic force change?
The electrostatic force would increase by a factor of 4
103
What is the formula for an electric field at a distance (r) from a charge (q)?
E = k (q/r^2) \*\*variation of Coulomb's law! F = k q1q2 / r^2
104
In which direction will an electric field vector point around a positive charge?
The field vectors point AWAY from a positive charge
105
In which direction will an electric field vector point around a negative charge?
the field vectors point TOWARD negative charge
106
What is the formula for the force that a charge (q) experiences in an electric field (E)?
F = qE
107
What are the units of electric field?
The units of an electric field are Newtons/Coulomb or Volts/meter
108
What are the units of voltage?
The units of voltage are Volts or Joules/Coulomb
109
What is the formula for electric potential given a charge (q) at a distance of (r)?
V = k\*q/r
110
What is the potential difference between two points on an equipotential line?
The potential difference is zero
111
What is the formula for electric potential energy?
U= qV
112
What happens to a dipole if it is placed in a uniform electric field?
The dipole will align with the electric field lines
113
How much work is done on a charge if it is moved in a straight path between two equipotential points?
No net work is done
114
What are the units of a magnetic field?
The units of a magnetic field are the Tesla. Sometimes units are given in Gauss. 1 Tesla = 10 ^4 Gauss
115
What is formula for the force on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field?
F = qvBsinØ = (charge)(velocity)(magnetic field)(sinØ)
116
What force will a stationary charged particle in magnetic field experience?
A stationary particle will experience no force in a magnetic field.
117
What force will a moving charge experience if it travels parallel or antiparallel to a magnetic field?
No force will be experienced if the charge moves parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field.
118
What are the units of current?
The units of current are Amperes. 1 A = 1 Coulomb/sec
119
What is the formula for current?
i = ∆q/∆t
120
What is the formula for the force on a current carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field?
F= iLBsinØ =(current)(length)(magetic field)(sinØ) \*\*\*remember not to confuse with the force of a moving charged particle F=qvBsinØ
121
A proton moving in a magnetic field experiences a force towards the TOP of the page. An electron moving in the same direction as the proton experiences a force in which direction?
Towards the bottom of the page
122
A proton moves towards the top of the page in a region where a magnetic field is directed into the page. What is the direction of the magnetic force?
Towards the left
123
A long straight wire carries a current directed towards the top of the page. What is the direction of the magnetic field on the left of the wire?
The field points out of the page
124
What is the formula for the magnetic field created by a long straight wire?
B = µ0i / (2πr) = (Permability of free space)(current) / (2π)(distance from wire)
125
A magnetic field is created by a loop of wire. What is the formula for the magnetic field at the center of the loop?
B = µ0i / (2r) r = radius. \*\*this is similar to the formula for for the long straight wire (2πr) without pi in denominator
126
T/F: In DC current, the charge flows in one direction only
True
127
T/F: In AC current, the charge flows in one direction only
False, in AC current the flow of charge changes direction periodically
128
T/F: By convention, the direction of current is the direction in which a negative charge would flow
False, the direction of current in the direction in which positive charge would flow
129
What is the formula for Ohm's Law?
V =iR Volts = (current)(resistance)
130
How do the following affect the resistance of a conductor? Increased length
As length increases, so does resistance
131
How do the following affect the resistance of a conductor? Increased cross-sectional area
As cross sectional area increase, resistance decreases (inverse)
132
How do the following affect the resistance of a conductor? Increased Temperature
As temperature increases, resistance typically increases
133
How do the following affect the resistance of a conductor? Increased resistivity (p)
As resistivity increases, so does resistance
134
What is the formula for electrical power?
P=iV and P=i^2\*R and P= V^2/R P=(current)(voltage)
135
What is the formula for calculating resistance given resistors in series?
Rs = R1+R2+R3+....Rn
136
What is the formula for calculating resistance given resistors in parallel?
1/Rp= 1/R1 +1/R2 + 1/R3....+1/Rn
137
What is Kirchoff's 2nd law?
Kirchoff's 2nd law states that the sum of the voltage drops around a circuit loop equals the sum of the voltage rises around the loop
138
If 7A of current flow into a three way junction and 3A leave via one of the routes, how much current leaves via the other?
7A-3A= 4A
139
What is the formula for capacitance?
C= Q/V = (charge stored on a plate) / (potential difference between plates)
140
What are the units of capacitance?
The units of capacitance are Farads. 1 Farad = 1 Coulomb/Volt
141
What is the formula for the electric field between the plates of a capacitor?
E= V/d = (potential difference between the plates) / (distance between plates)
142
T/F: As plate area increases, capacitance increases proportionally
True
143
Does the introduction of a dielectric material between the plates of a capacitor increase or decrease the capacitance
A dielectric material increases the capacitance. The new capacitance (C') = CK where K is the dielectric constant
144
What is the formula for claculating capacitance given capacitors in a series?
1/Cs= 1/C1 + 1/C2 +1/C3.... etc.
145
What is the formula for calculating capacitance given capacitors in parallel?
Cp= C1 + C2 + C3 +...etc
146
For AC current, what is the formula for calculating Irms?
Irms = Imax/ √2
147
For AC current, what is the formula for calculating Vrms?
Vrms = Vmax/ √2
148
What is the formula for Hooke's Law?
F = - kx = - (spring constant)(displacement from equilibrium)
149
What are the formulas for angular frequencies of a mass on a spring and aof a pendulum (SHM)?
for a spring: w = √(k/m) for a pendulum: w = √(g/L)
150
What is the formula for kinetic energy (SHM)?
K= 1/2 mv^2 = 1/2 (mass)(velocity squared)
151
What is the formula for potential energy (SHM)? \*\*spring and pendulum
FOR A SPRING: U= 1/2 kx2 = 1/2 (spring constant)(displacement squared) FOR A PENDULUM: U= mgh = (mass)(gravity)(height)
152
T/F: For an object in SHM, E= K+U = constant
True
153
When is an object's kinetic energy greatest (SHM)?
Kinetic energy is greatest at the equilbrium point
154
What is an object's potential energy greatest (SHM)?
Potential energy is greatest at maximum displacement from equilibrium
155
T/F: For an object in SHM, frequency = 1/period
True
156
What are the formulas for the period of a mass on a spring and of a pendulum in SHM?
spring: T= 2π √(m/k) pendulum: T= 2π √(L/g)
157
Describe particle oscillation in a transverse wave
Particles oscillate perpendicular to wave motion in a transverse wave
158
Describe particle oscillation in a longitudinal wave
Particles oscillate along the direction of wave motion in a longitudinal wave
159
What is the formula relating the speed of a wave to its frequency (f) and wavelength (λ)?
v=fλ
160
T/F: A sinusoidal wave crosses its equilibrium point every 90 degrees
False, a sinusoidal wave crosses its equilibrium point every 180 degrees.
161
T/F: The fundamental harmonic has the longest wavelength and thus the smallest frequency of all the harmonics
True
162
T/F: the higher the harmonic, the greater the wavelength
False, the higher the harmonic, the shorter the wavelength
163
What is a node?
A node is a point in a standing wave that remains at rest
164
What is an anti-node?
An anti-node is a point in a standing wave that fluctuate at maximum amplitude
165
Two waves that are 180 degrees out of phase exhibit which type of interference?
Destructive interference
166
Two waves that are 720 degrees out of phase exhibit which type of interference?
Constructive interference
167
T/F: When 2 waves are out of phase by 180 degrees and interfere with each other, the resulting displacement is always zero
False, the resultant displacement is only zero when the 2 waves have equal amplitudes
168
What is the formula for sound intensity?
I = P/A = Power/Area
169
What is the best frequency for two frequencies which differ by 4 Hz?
4 Hz. This is a trick question - the beat frequency is equal to the difference of the two frequencies
170
T/F: The observed frequency from a source emitting a sound is higher if the source is moving toward a stationary observer
True
171
T/F: Standing waves in pipes open at both ends have nodes at the ends of the pipes
False, standing waves in pipes open at both ends have antinodes at the ends of the pipe
172
T/F: Standing waves in strings fixed at both ends have nodes at the nodes of the strings
True
173
T/F: Higher harmonics of standing waves in open pipes have higher wave speed than lower harmonics.
False, the wave speed of all harmonics is the same
174
What is the speed of an electromagnetic wave (light) in a vacuum?
The speed of light in a vaccum is 8 x 10^8 m/s
175
What type of image do plane mirrors create (real or virtual)?
Plane mirrors always create virtual images
176
How are focal length and radius of curvature related?
Focal length = r/2 = (radius of curvature)/2
177
What is the formula relating object distance, image distance, and focal length?
1/o + 1/i = 1/f = 2/r
178
Does a virtual image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance?
A virtual image has a negative image distance i = -
179
If an image is in front of a mirror, is it real or virtual?
An image that is in front of a mirror is real
180
Does a real image have a positive (+) or negative (-) image distance?
A real image has a positive image distance
181
What is the formula for magnification?
m = - i/o = - image distance/object distance
182
T/F: A negative (-) magnification signifies an upright image
False, a (-) magnification signifies an inverted image and a (+) magnification signifies an upright image.
183
What type of image does a diverging (convex) mirror create?
A diverging mirror always creates a virtual upright image
184
What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed beyond the focal point?
An object beyond the focal point produces a real inverted image in a converging mirror
185
What type of image does a converging (concave) mirror create when the object is placed inside the focal point?
An object inside the focal point produces a virtual upright image in a converging mirror
186
Does a convex mirror have a positive or negative focal length (or radius of curvature)?
A convex mirror has a negative (-) focal length and radius of curvature
187
Does a concave mirror have a positive or negative focal length (or radius of curvature)?
A concave mirror has a positive (+) focal length and radius of curvature
188
What is the formula for index of refraction?
n = c/v = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in medium
189
What is the formula for Snell's Law?
n1sinØ1 = n2sinØ2
190
Under what conditions will light undergo total internal reflection?
Total internal reflection will occur when light travels from a medium with a higher index of refraction to a medium with a lower index of refraction and with an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle
191
Does a converging lens have a positive (+) or negative (-) focal length?
Converging lens has a POSITIVE (+) focal length
192
Does a diverging lens have a positive (+) or negative (-) focal length?
A diverging lens has a NEGATIVE (-) focal length
193
T/F: The "real" side of a lens is the side opposite that from which light originates
True
194
What type of image does a diverging lens produce?
A diverging lens produces a virtual upright image
195
What type of image does a converging (convex) lens create when the object is placed beyond the focal point?
An object beyond the focal point produces a real inverted image in a converging lens
196
What type of image does a converging (convex) lens create when the object is placed inside the focal point?
An object inside the focal point produces a virtual upright image in a converging lens
197
What are the units of power for a lens?
Diopters are the units of lens power (when f is measured in meters)
198
What is formula for calculating lens power?
P=1/f
199
T/F: The splitting of white light in a prism is an example of dispersion
True
200
What is diffraction?
Diffraction is the spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening
201
T/F: Light waves can constructively and/or destructively interfere with each other
True
202
What is polarized light?
Polarized light is light in which the electric fields of all the waves are oriented in the same direction
203
Is the energy of a photon dependent on frequency or on amplitude
The energy of a photon is dependent on frequency
204
What is the formula for calculating the energy of a photon?
E = hf = (Planck's constant)(frequency) Planck's constant = h = 6.626 x 10^-34 m squared \*kg/s
205
What is the photoelectric effect?
The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon whereby electrons are emitted by a metal that is exposed to light of a sufficiently high frequency
206
T/F: Photon energy increases when wavelength increases
False, Photon energy decreases as wavelength increases, as seen from the formula E= hc/λ
207
What is the threshold frequency (photoelectric effect)?
The threshold frequency is the minimum frequency of light that will cause the emission of an electron
208
T/F: The excess energy of a photon is converted to extra kinetic energy of the emitted electron
True
209
What is the formula for calculating the kinetic energy of an emitted electron?
K = hf - W W=hfT (fT is threshold frequency)
210
How many electrons will be emitted when using light with a frequency below the threshold frequency?
None
211
T/F: the electron Volt (eV) is a unit of energy
True
212
What happens to an electron that absorbs a photon?
An electron that absorbs a photon will jump to a higher energy level
213
What happens when an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level (orbit)?
An electron that jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level will emit a photon whose energy equals the difference in energy between the two levels
214
What is the minimum energy needed to ionize an electron in a state with energy -10eV?
10eV (Ionization means producing a free electron and free electrons have energy greater than or equal to zero)
215
What is a nucleon?
A nucleon is a proton or neutron
216
What does an atom's atomic number represent?
Atomic number represents the number of protons in the atom's nucleus
217
What does an atom's mass number represent?
Mass number represents the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in the atom's nucleus
218
What is an isotope?
An isotope is a variant of an atom with the same number of protons but with a different number of neutrons
219
What does an atom's atomic weight represent?
Atomic weight represents the weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
220
What is mass defect?
Mass defect is the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum total of its constituents (nucleons).
221
What formula is used for calculating binding energy?
Energy = Δmc2 = (mass defect)(speed of light)^2
222
What is the name of the process for combining smaller nuclei into larger nuclei?
Fusion is the combining of smaller nuclei to create larger nuclei
223
What is nuclear fission?
Fission is the splitting of atomic nuclei
224
What happens to an atom's mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when an alpha particle is emitted?
A daughter = A parent - 4 Z daughter = Zparent - 2
225
What happens to an atom's mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when it undergoes β - decay.
A daughter = A parent Z daughter = Z parent +1
226
What happens to an atom's mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when it undergoes β+ (positron) decay?
A daughter = A parent Z daughter = Zparent - 1
227
What happens to an atom's mass (A) and atomic (Z) numbers when it undergoes gamma (λ) decay?
A parent = A daughter Z parent = Z parent
228
Is the half life of an isotope is 2 years, how much of the original isotope will be left after 4 years?
25% will be left after two half-lives
229
What is the formula for exponential decay?
The formula for exponential decay is n = n0e -λt
230
Static friction is...
the force that must be overcome to set an object in motion. formula: 0 ≤ fs ≤ µsN
231
What are the formulas for centripetal acceleration and centripetal force??
\*\*\*Think ....F=ma
Fa = v2/r
Fc = mv2/r
232
Describe the conservation of momentum and/or KE in elastic collisions and inelastic collisions.
ELASTIC COLLISIONS: momentum and Kinetic Energy (KE) are conserved. Think about two pool balls that hit each other and bounce back. p=mv is the momentum equation.
INELASTIC COLLISIONS: momentum is conserved but KE IS NOT CONSERVED!!! some energy is transformed to heat. think about one ball that hits another and they both move together in same direction.
233
With a Pressure Vs. Volume graph, how can you determine the amount of work done on a system?
The AREA under a P vs. V graph is the amount of WORK done in a system.
234
What is the formula for buoyant force?
F bouyant = pfluidg Vobject submerged
\*\*\*Bouyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. think - put the crown into bucket of water...weigh what overflowed.
235
What are the formulas for Vrms and Irms? What type of current do they apply to?
Vrms = Vmax / √2
Irms = Imax / √2
They both apply to alternating current (AC)
