MCAT Psych Flashcards
1
Q
ADRESSINO
A
age, disability, religion, ethnicity, sexual, socioeconomic, indigenous, natural origin, gender
2
Q
self concept/self identity
A
sum of individual’s knowledge and understanding of his or herself. Personal identity/social identity
3
Q
principle of aggregation
A
attitudes are better at perdicting general patterns of behavior, but not specifics. i.e. anorexia will binge once in a while
4
Q
cognitive dissonance theory
A
feel tension when we hold two beliefs that are incompatible or when attitudes and behaviors don’t match
5
Q
foot-in-door phenomenon
A
consent to a small request makes people feel required to say yes to bigger ones
6
Q
avoidant/dependent/obsessive/ compulsive
A
tense, anxious, over controlled
7
Q
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
A
emotional, dramatic, attention-seeking, intense
8
Q
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
A
irrational, withdrawn, cold, suspicious
9
Q
depersonalization disorder
A
recurring feeling of being cut off from his/her body or mental processes
10
Q
cyclothymic disorder
A
less extreme, moods, but cyclical
11
Q
bipolar II disorder
A
less extreme manic phases, cyclic moods. Hypomanic euphoric/imitable mood
12
Q
bipolar I disorder
A
depression and mania, at least one manic/mixed episode. Mixed episode- both manic/depressive everyday
13
Q
dypthymic disorder
A
less intense chronic depression
14
Q
major depressive disorder
A
worse than usual for most of day every day for at elast 2 weeks also 5 extra symptoms
15
Q
undifferentiated and residual schizophrenia
A
schizo criteria, basic criteria are met but symptoms don’t fit into other categories milder schizo= residual
16
Q
catatonic type schizophrenia
A
weird behavior. Retarded or excited motor activity
17
Q
disorganized schizophrenia
A
inappropriate affect. Disorganized speech or behavior
18
Q
paranoid type schizophrenia
A
hallucinate/delusions. Negative symptom like catatonic behavior is not present.
19
Q
primary reinforce
A
innately satisfying or desired. FOOD
20
Q
instrumental/operant conditioning
A
reinforcement and punishment to mold behavior (SKINNER)
21
Q
psychic energy
A
id (3 f’s), ego (mediator), superego (think, think, think)
22
Q
dyssomnias
A
abnormality in amount, quality, time, sleeping
23
Q
positive reinforcement
A
something is added or given
24
Q
negative reinforcement
A
something is removed typically not liked (ZAP)
25
personality disorders
maladaptive patterns of behavior/cognition
26
Treisman's attentuation model
the mind has an attenuator (volume knob), turns down sensory input
27
rationalist psych
certain ideas and capabilities are innate
28
brainstem
medula, pons, midbrain. Info to and from cerebellum and cerebrum
29
person-situation controversy
trait v state. internal, stable enduring parts of personality versus situational unstable, temporary variable part of personality
30
empirist psych
directly observable environmental factors over abstract mental shit
31
schuchter-singer theory
physiological arousal and situation= cognitive responds
i run from a bear= i am afraid
32
James-Lange Theory
physiology and behavior= your emotion. You are afraid BECAUSE you run from a bear. You are not afraid if you go mano a mano against the bear. Then the bear just kills you. Or turns you into a grizzled bear survivor in the frontier lands of "South Dakota". Really, with that cinemetography? Come on, let's be real. No one should have believed that was this wasteland....
33
recall
memory without any clues
34
recognition
memory with clues
35
priming
prior activation of nodes and associations
36
anterograde amnesia
can't make new memories
37
retrograde amnesia
can't recall old memories
38
proactive interference
previous info interferes with ability to recall new
39
schema
mental blueprint containing common aspects of parts of the world
40
misinformation effect
tendency to misremember
41
retroactive interference
new info interferes with recall of old information
42
libido
life instinct, says freud. UNCE UNCE UNCE
43
psychoanalytic theory
personality is shaped by unconscious thought and feelings and memories
44
Harlow Monkey Experiments
contact and comfort is essential to psychological development (cloth verse cage mothers)
45
mood disorders
disturbance in mood/affect, manic/hypomanic. ex. major depressive, bipolar, dysthymic
46
anxiety disorders
excessive worry apprehension and fear. Physiological and psychological (genial enxiety, OCD, phobias)
47
substance related disorder
phsyical and mental dependance/ alcohol abuse drug
48
somatoform disorders
symptoms that can't be explained by medical condition (hypochondriasis, body dismorphia, pain disorder)
49
sleep disorders
interruption in sleep patterns (insomnia, narcolepsy, sleepwalking)
50
neurocognitive disorders
cognitive decline in memory and cognition (alzheimers, dementia, amnesia)
51
eating disorders
disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical/mental health (anorexia, bulimia, pica)
52
dissociative disorders
disruptions in memory, awareness identity or perception (dissociative identity, dissociative amnesia)
53
psychotic disorders
general loss of contact with reality (Schizo, delusional)
54
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
authority on classification and diagnosis of psych disorders
55
drive feedback
urge from physical discomfort
56
negative feedback
stability
57
social cognitive perspective
interaction between behavior, cognitive, and environmental factors
58
behaviors and perspective
deterministic, people begin as blank slates and become conditioned (ABC's- antecedents and consequences of behaviors)
59
self-concept
person/childs conscious, subjective eprceptions and beliefs about himself
60
humanistic theory
healthy personality by nature. Actualizing tendency (Carl Rogers)
61
Erik Erikson's Theory of Developmental Stages
1) trust v mistrust 2) autonomy v doubt 3) initiative v guilt 4) industry v. inferiority 5) identity v. role confuse 6) intimacy v. isolation 7) generativity v. stagnation 8) inreguity v. despair
62
implicit memory
procedural memory, motor skills and actions
63
explicit memory
explicit memory events you've experienced. Semantic memory is general knowledge
64
Long term memory
explicit (declarative memory) implicit (nondeclarative memory)
65
short term memory
lasts 20 seconds unless processed (hippocampus)
66
sensory memory (iconic)
brief and photographic (tenths of second)
67
sensory memory (echoic)
sound memory (3-4 seconds)
68
serial position effect
primacy effect 1st item on list, recency effect, last item on list
69
encoding
process of transferring sensory info to the memory system
70
parenting styles
authoritarian, permissive, authoritative
71
Ainsworth infant experiments
securely attached infants vs. insecurely attached infants
72
behavioral genetics
study of role of inheritance in behavioral traits
73
reciprocal determinism
1) people choose environment it shapes them 2) personality shapes how people react to environment 3) person's persoality influences situation
74
social cognitive theory
social factors observational learning and environment = influence person's attitude
75
elaboration likelihood model (2 types)
2 cognitive routes, central route- persuaded by content
| peripheral route- superficial characteristics
76
elaboration likelihood model
explains when people will be influenced by content and when by superficial stuff
77
observational learning
social. vicarious learning. Learn by watching and imitating others
78
long term potentiation
neurons in a circuit have increased potential for firing = process of consolidation
79
consolidation
process of converting short term memory into long term memory
80
heuristics
mental short cuts
81
availability heuristic
tendency to make judgements based on how readily available info is
82
representative heuristic
tendency to judge likelihood by mental representation of events
83
stage 1 sleep
non-REM. Theta waves, low-moderate intensity
84
stage 2 sleep
complex- 1/2 second duration= single wave among thetas and recip spindles- burst of waves! 12 14 Hz
85
stage 3 sleep
delta waves, high amp, low frequency (deep sleep)
86
REM
REM sleep. Conscious, dreams, paralyzed muscles
87
stage 4 sleep
SWS, slow wave sleep, deepest stage
88
pineal gland
light sensitive proteins, makes melatonin
89
manifest content v latent content
plot line of dream= symbolic of unconscious drives/wishes
90
activation synthesis theory
dreams= byproducts of brain activation during REM
91
nucleus accumbins
"persuasive center of brain. Release dopamine
92
Yerkes-Dodson Law
people perform best when moderately aroused
93
Cannon-Bard Theory
emotion, phys. and cognition occur at same time and independently. I am afraid and run from bear at same time.
94
parasomnias
abnormal behavior during sleep (sleepwalking)
95
hypnotism theories
2 theories.
Dissociation- on autopilot/divide consciousness
Social influence- people do what's expected
96
Depressant neurochem
depress medulla, REM sleep. Stimulate GABA (1-neurotransmit) and dopamine is happy
97
stimulants neurochem
caffeine. release neurotransmitters. lower uptake neurotransmitters on both. Dopamine, serotonin.
98
hallucinogens neurochem
LSD, cannabinoid receptors, relax and disinhibits
99
executive functions
higher order thinking processes= planning, organize behavior making decisions
100
autonomic nervous systems
controls organs, gland, and level of arousal
| answers to hypothalamus
101
3 stress types
1. Catastrophes 2. significant life changes 3. daily hassles
102
cortisol releasing system
CRH to ACTH to the adrenal gland then cortisol!
103
biofeedback
recording and feeding back info about autonomic responses to train involuntary responses
104
B.F. Skinner's model of language
(LAD) or universal grammar, innate ability to make grammatical distinctions
105
materialist psych
ideas and language are a convenient metaphor for physical changes in brain and body. ONLY GRAY MATTER MATTERS
106
linguistic relativity hypotheses
cognition and perception are determined by one's language
107
Broca's area
area of brain process of speech production= know what to say, can't communicate
108
Wernecke's area
comprehension of speech and written language. Damage can lead to speaking but making no sense. Most of what Spence-nug says
109
nonassociative learning
habituation- learn to tune out a stimulus
| sensitization- stimulus produces more exaggerated response
110
dishabituation
habituated stimulus is removed, comeback, notice it again
111
classical conditioning
Pavlov.
neutral stimulus
unconditioned stimulus (unconditioned response)
conditioned stimulus (NS + US= CR)
CR=UR but without the US! (get rid of step)
112
classical conditioning- generalization and discrimination
generalization- other stimuli= same response
| discrimination- only get response for the conditioned stimulus
113
secondary reinforcers
neutral stimulus and primary reinforcers. i.e. 'sit' for dog and treat. word sit is secondary reinforcer
114
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
unpredictable number of occurrences before reinforce= high response rate, like with gambling. Ratio is equal to the number of responses
115
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
reinforce after set number of instances of behavior= high response. ratio = number of responses
116
fixed interval schedule
reinforcement after set period of time. Interval= time
117
insight learning
combine two behaviors in unique ways
118
latent learning
learned but not expressed as observable behavior
119
cognitive psychology
focus on brain- thoughts and effects on learning
120
behaviorism psychology
behavior and consequences. Mind is a black box
121
variable interval schedule
inconsistent amount of time and reinforcement = steady, efficient manner
122
forebrain
diencephalon thalamus sensory hypothalamus lightning. Four Fs! hormones telencephalon cerebral cortex= 2 parts
123
limbic system
controls emotional states. Conscious and unconscious portions of brain.
124
hindbrain
medulla- connects to spinal cord relays info. Pons- connects brainstem and cerebellum. Cerebellum- little brain. movements and coordination
125
midbrain
usual and auditory info. RAS= arousal/wakefulness
126
frontal lobes
voluntary movement, complex reasoning, problem solving
127
occipital lobe
process visual sensation
128
parietal lobes
general sensations (touch, temp, pressure, vibration) taste!
129
temporal lobes
auditory, olfactory. short term memory, language and emotion
130
corpus callosum
connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres
131
efferent neurons
go to effectors. CNS to PNS. give commands
132
basal nuclei
regulate body movement/muscle tone. Coordination general rhythm
133
afferent neurons
sensory neurons. PNS to CNS
134
sympathetic
fight or flight. Short preganglionic axon. postganglionic long.
135
parasympathetic
rest and digest, pre- long, post- short
136
cortex releases: glucocorticoids
like CORTISOL
137
cortex releases: mineralcorticoids
like aldosterone
138
ADRENAL MEDULLA: releases
epinephrine or adrenaline
139
Gestalt Psychology
"whole" whole is more than the sum of parts. Bottom up senses go to integrate in brain. Top down, experience leads to what the senses see.
140
posterior pituitary
back. Axons from hypothalmus (like continuous) ADH vasopressin oxytocin
141
anterior pituitary
front. Normal endocrine gland. Releases hormones after signal from hypothalamus
142
broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention
inputs from sensory world leads to sensory buffer based on physical characteristics which leads to processing and into working memory
143
Alan Baddeley's Model
working memory. See note card. I can't make a nice visual on this and I have been typing so much I don't really want to try. How are you Ellen? Do you want to play a game tonight? What should we make for supper? We should make wings! Though not tonight, we just had them. Unless you don't do this until next week. Then we should make wings!
144
Piaget's 4 developmental stages
sensorimotor b-2 look and touch! Preoperational 2-7 symbols and images. Concrete operational 7-11 logical and concrete. Formal operational 12 to adult, abstract reasoning
145
group polarization
groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members
146
social loafing
tendency for people to exert less effort if evaluated as a group
147
bystander effect
person is less likely to help if there are other bystanders
148
deindividuation
mob mentality that can cause people to commit atrocious acts
149
social facilitation effect
people perform simple tasks better when others are present
150
reference group
standard measure people compare themselves to
151
1 degree v. 2 degree group
small important and emotional. Large and interpersonal
152
category
people who share characteristics but not otherwise tied together
153
aggregate
people who exist in same space but don't shall common sense of identity
154
cultural relativism
fridging (judging) another culture based on its own standards
155
ethnocentrism
tendency to judge people from another culture by the standards of one's own culture
156
stereotype threat
self-fulfilling fear one will be evaluated on a negative stereotype
157
self-fulfilling prophecy
behaviors that affirm the original stereotype
158
illusory correlation
association between group of people and characteristic based on unique cases
159
racism
prejudices and actions that discriminate based on race or hold one race inferior to another
160
discrimination
acting a certain way toward a group
161
prejudice
thoughts, attitudes and feelings someone holds about a group that aren't based on actual experience
162
projection bias
we assume others have the same beliefs we do
163
just world phenomenon
world is fair, people get what they deserve. Bad things are deserved by others. Good things are deserved by us
164
optimism bias
bad things happen to other people, but not us!
165
self-serving bias
tendency to attribute successes to ourselves and our failures to others and external environment
166
fundamental attribution error (action-observer bias)
underestimate situation, overestimate personality, we assume people are how they act.
167
3 factors that help attribute behavior to internal or external causes
consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
168
attribution theory
attempts to explain how individuals view behavior. 2 kinds: dispositional, situational
169
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
```
stage 1- obedience/punishment
stage 2- self- interest
stage 3- interpersonal and conformity
stage 4- social order must be maintained
stage 5- social contract orientation
stage 6- universal ethical principles
```
170
subculture
segment of society with distinct patterns of tradition and values
171
multiculturalism (pluralism)
cultures come together. Melt in da pot.
172
amnegamation (amalgamation)
majority and minorities combine to form a new group
173
assimilation
individual forsakes own culture to adopt and different culture
174
agents of socialization
1. family
2. school
3. peer groups
4. workplace
5. religion/government
6. mass media/technology
175
folkways
less important norms but shape everyday behavior
176
mores
norms that are important and strictly inforced
177
sanctions
rewards/punishments for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms
178
norms
spoken or unspoken rules or expectations for behavior of members.
formal norm- written down
informal norm- less precise, no punishment
179
socialization
process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society
180
"I"
self as subject.
| response of individual to attitudes of others
181
"me"
self as object.
| social self- how the individual believes the generalized other perceives it
182
social behaviorism
George H. Mead
| The mind and self emerge through process of communication with others
183
looking glass self
person's sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society- perceptions of others
184
influences on self-concept
1) self efficacy- belief in competence and effectiveness
2) locus of control (internal and external)
3) self-esteem
