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MCB Exam 3 > MCB EXAM 3 > Flashcards

MCB EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Innate Immune System

A

The first line of defense (pre-invasion) is very general. It also has a second line of defense if the pathogens break through the initial barriers.

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2
Q

what are the barriers of the innate immune system

A

skin, lacrimal apparatus, mucous membranes, resident mircobiota.

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3
Q

Ciliated Cells

A

are in the respiratory tract, form an epithelial lining of coordinated
metachronal ciliary activity that provides the propelling force for the transport of mucus
along the airways.

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4
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins are part of natural defense. alert the immune system that there are cancer or germ cells in the body. they trigger the killer immune cells into action.

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5
Q

Stages of Phagocytosis

A

1 chemotaxis
2 adhesion
3 ingestion
4 maturation
5 killing
6 elimination

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6
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns.

Molecules, or small molecular motifs, associated with groups of microbes that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.

EX Flagellin, peptidoglycan, dsRNA, Lippoprotiens and lipids, LPS

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7
Q

Motif

A

a region (a subsequence) of protein. or DNA sequence that has a specific. structure

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8
Q

PRRs

A

Toll-Like Receptors - TLRs
Nod-Like Receptors - NLRs

These recognize PAMPs

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9
Q

Interferon Alpha and Beta

A

release warning signs

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10
Q

Interferon-gamma

A

are released by white blood cells to fight the germs

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11
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

more specific to a pathogen

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12
Q

5 main attributes of Adaptive immunity

A

1 specificity - acts only on specific molecular shapes [anitgens] from individual pathogens

2 inducibility - only recognition from that specific antigen from a pathogen will initiate that response

3 clonality - once induced, multiple generations of cells with identical response capabilities will be generated.

4 unresponsiveness to self - response only to the pathogen and not to the host

5 memory - once the adaptive response has occurred the antigen is then committed to memory in case of future encounters

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13
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Screen the tissues of the body for foreign molecules.

ORGANS?
Lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen thymus, tonsils, intestines. (GALT)

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14
Q

GALT

A

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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15
Q

Lymph vessels

A

One-way system that conducts lymph from tissues and returns it to the circulatory system

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16
Q

Lymph

A

Liquid like blood and plasma but it is leaked from blood vessels and poured into the surrounding tissue

Function: a conduit used for immune communication throughout the body. (as well as blood)

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17
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone Marrow and thymus. All lymphoid cells are formed and matured

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18
Q

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

A

Blood Stem Cells, are cells that can turn into different types of specified cells

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19
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

The process where blood stem cells turn into all types of blood cell types.

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20
Q

Blood Stem Cells that relate to phagocytosis

A

Neutrophil and monocyte (macrophage)

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21
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Lymphoid stem Cell, can turn into B-Cells or T-Cells

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22
Q

B-Cells

A

Formed and matured in the bone marrow. They are involved in antigen-mediated functions

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23
Q

T-Cells

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A

Formed and matured in the thymus. They are involved in cell-mediated functions.

24
Q

IgG antibody

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A

Monomer, complement activation virus, and toxin inactivation opsonization.

is a major class of antibody in the blood stream. (80%)

25
IgM antibody
Pentamer, complement activation initial adaptive response. x1000 better than IgG largest out of all the antibodies contains 10 binding sites.
26
IgA antibody
Dimer, Mucosal Immunity found in the highest concentration of breast milk (90%). most abundant antibody in the intestines
27
IgD antibody
monomer, mucosal homeostasis not well understood
28
IgE antibody
Monomer, Inflammation controlling parasites
29
Asymptomatic
infected individuals without having any symptoms themselves.
30
typhoid Mary
woman had typhoid fever and had gotten sick but she never showed any symptoms so she would go out and make people food and spread it around
31
Nonliving Resevoirs
nonliving things like soil and water that spreads pathogens and infections. presence of microorganisms, usually due to the contamination of feces and urine.
32
examples of nonliving resevoirs
Soil: Staphylococcus infection Water: Cryptosporidium parasite, can be through drinking or even swimming food: E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella
33
Zoonoses
Diseases that spread from animals can be through direct contact, eating animals, or blood-sucking arthropods difficult to get rid of
34
Examples of portals of entry
nasal, subcutaneous injections, the wound on the skin, urine, insect bite, stool major! Mucous membranes, skin, placenta
35
Parenteral
injection, wound
36
Mucous Membranes
major sites where the body interacts with the outside world respiratory tract is the most common
37
Pathogenicity
ability of a microorganism to cause disease
38
Virulence
degree of pathogenicity. virus need to be able to survive the host in order to be a effective virus, (BAD FOR US)
39
Portals of Exit
skin, mucous secreted, or excreted fluids, elimination by the immune system
40
3 types of transmission
contact - touching something infected a vehicle born - food vector born - insect bites
41
endemic Disease
disease that frequently shows up in a population
42
sporadic
where you do not see them that often
43
epidemic
areas where there is an endemic disease, yet it outbreaks and becomes intense.
44
pandemic
when the epidemic grows even larger and spreads to other countries and areas
45
epidemiology
The study of the transmission of diseases within populations
46
antigen
substance that interacts with a specific antibody
47
immunogen
an antigen that elicits a immune response
48
epitope
(antigenic determinant) is the part of an antigen recognized by an antibody-binding site. what connects to the antigen binding sites
49
Long term memory
Generation of memory cells that can circulate within the body for many years
50
Recognition of diverse epitopes
~ 1 X 1011 (100 Billion) different molecular patterns can be recognized by B-cells during adaptive immunity
51
Opsonization
immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes.
52
Phagosome
a vacuole in the cytoplasm of a cell containing a phagocytosed particle enclosed within a part of the cell membrane
53
Lysosome
A lysosome isa membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved with various cell processes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria
54
Phagolysosome
a phagolysosome is a cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs during phagocytosis
55
Helper T Cells
Th, has TCR and CD4 components. Recognizes target and helps regulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells and releases Interferon Gamma and Secrete Interleukin 2, 4, 5 (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5)
56
Cytotoxic T Cells
Tc, has TCR CD8 and CD95L components. Secrete Perforin, granzyme and Directly kills target cells
57
Regulatory T Cells
Tr, has TCR CD25 and CD4 components. Secrete Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and Represses adaptive immune responses

MCB Exam 3 (1 decks)

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