MCB100_ LEC 3

Question 1

share a superficially similar prokryotic cell structure, but differ dramatically in their evolutionary history and molecular make up

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

largets division (phylum)

Answer 2

proteobacteria

Question 3

multicellularly evolved in only a small percentage of life on Earth

Answer 3

Eukarya

Question 4

Bacteria were discovered first as animalcules by

Answer 4

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 5

Leeuwenhoek curiosity led him to what

Answer 5

examine a wide range of substances under his microscopes, including water, saliva, and dental plaque

Question 6

why did he describe microorganisms as animalcules

Answer 6

due to their small size

Question 7

The term “bacterium” was introduced by

Answer 7

Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

Question 8

During ehrenberg’s microscopic studies, he examined microorganisms found in where?

Answer 8

water, soil, and other environments

Question 9

Discovered by Ehrenebrg which we now recognize as bacteria

Answer 9

rod-shaped and spherical micrrorganism

Question 10

“bacterium” is derived from what

Answer 10

Greek word “bakterion” meaning small rod or liitle staff

Question 11

Contributions of Ehnreberg’s introduction to the term bacterium

Answer 11

• establish a common nomenclature for microorganism
• development of microbial terminology

Question 12

He descirbed 8 species of the genus Vibrio (in Infusoria), 3 of which were sprillifroms

Answer 12

Otto Friedrich Muller

Question 13

What field Muller did extensice work

Answer 13

-natural history, inc. the classification of marine organism

Question 14

it was note developed in the 18th centurty

Answer 14

concept of bacterial species, as we understand it today

Question 15

What is infusoria

Answer 15

microscopic aquatic oragansims inc. protozoa and small metazoans, found in freshwater environments

Question 16

Technological forces that shaped microbial taxonomy:

Answer 16

• Introduction of metabolic and phenotypic characterization of bacteria, numerical analysis of phentotypic data
• DNA-DNA hybridizations (DDH) and %G+C determinations
• 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Woese and Fox)
• Multilocyus sequence analysis (MLSA)
• Complete genome sequencing

Question 17

Bacteria were frist classified as plants constituting the class

Answer 17

Schizomycetes

Question 18

what 2 class fromed the phylum Schizophyta

Answer 18

Schizomycetes and Schizophyceae (blue green algae/Cyanobacteria)

Question 19

an old group/division tha consist 2 classes Schizomycetes and Myxophyceae (blue-green algae/cyanobacteria)

Answer 19

Schizophyta

Question 20

Ernst Haeckel in 1866, placed the Bacteria in the phylum ___in the Kingdom ___

Answer 20

• Moneres
• Protista

Question 21

Ernst Haeckel defined the bacteria as what

Answer 21

completely structureless and homogeneous organsims, consisting only of a piece of plasma

Question 22

Th group was classified by whom into Prokaryota one of two “empires”

Answer 22

Edouard Chatton

Question 22

His classification was influential in 19th centurt and recognized six genera

Answer 22

Ferdinan Cohn

Question 22

The six genera recognized by classification of Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 22

Micrococcus, Bacterium, Bacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum, and Spirochaeta

Question 23

accepted, in 1905, 33 valid different names of bacterial genera and over 150 invalid names

Answer 23

Erwin F. Smith

Question 24

In what field Smith had major contributions

Answer 24

- plant pathology, particlularly in the identification and study of bacterial plant pathogens

Question 25

Smith worked extensively on what

Answer 25

bacterial diseases affecting economically important crops, including tomatoes, potatoes, and tabacco

Question 26

In 1913, he concluded in a study that all species of the Bcateria should fall into the genera

Answer 26

Jules Vuillemin

Question 27

Whatv are these genera that the Bacteria should fall into according to Jules Vuillemin

Answer 27

- Planococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Merista, Planomerista, Neisseria, Sarcina, Planosarcina, Metabacterium, Clostridium, Serratia, Bacterium and Spirillum

Question 28

what re the 3 historcal names that were onced uded in bacterial taxonomy and were part of an early classification system that attempted to categorize bacteria based on their morphological characteristocs.

Answer 28

- Spherobacteria - Microbacteria - Demobacteria

Question 29

Whta is shperobacteria

Answer 29

used to decribed spherical or round-shaped bacteria but it is not usded in contemporary bacterial taxonomy

Question 30

Wht si Microbacteria

Answer 30

Similar to Spherobacteria and Microbacteria, referred to small-sized bacteria. (still not used in current bacterial classification)

Question 31

What si Desmobacteria

Answer 31

used to describe bacteria with rod-shaped morphology. - not commonly used today

Question 32

What is Spirobacteria?

Answer 32

referred to bacteria with a spiral or helical shape - not widely used in modern bacterial taxonomy

Question 33

What is the current classification based on

Answer 33

genetic relatedness and phylogenetic analysis, often involving the comparison of nucleic acid sequences

Question 34

Terms used by contemporary bacteria to categorize bacteria based onntheir evolutionary relationship

Answer 34

- phylum - class -order -family - genus - species

Question 35

What are the 4 tribes recognized by Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 35

Spherobacteria, Microbacteria, Desmobacteria, and Spirobacteria

Question 36

presented a classification which generally followed Final Report of the SAB Committe, which divided Class Schizomycetes into 4 orders

Answer 36

Bergey et al

Question 37

What are the 4 orders that divided the Class Schizomycetes

Answer 37

- Myxobacteriales - Thiobacteriales - Chlamydobacteriales - Eubacteriales

Question 38

5th group being 4 genera considered intermidiate between bacteria and protozoans

Answer 38

- Spirocheta - Cristospira - Saprospira - Treponema

Question 39

sorted out a lot of the taxonomic confusion for bacteria

Answer 39

1st edition of the Bacteriological Code in 1974

Question 40

Impact (char) og the advents of gram staining

Answer 40

- Kingdom Prokartyotae was divided into 4 division, a classification scheme stull formally follwed by Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology for some Order

Question 41

Order where classification scgheme still formally follwed by Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Answer 41

1. Gracilicutes 2. Firmicutes 3. Mollicutes 4. Mendosicutes

Question 42

What are the 2 classes under Gracilicutes (a gram negative) used to differentiate between photosynthetic (phototrophic) and non-photosynthetic bacteria

Answer 42

Photobacteria (photosynthetic) Scotobacteria (non-photosynthetic)

Question 43

Photobacteria can be further divided into what class

Answer 43

- Oxyphotobacteriae - Anoxyphotobacteriae

Question 44

elctron donor or oxyphotobacteriae

Answer 44

water

Question 45

Class Oxyphotobacteriae includes what order

Answer 45

Cyanobacteriales = blue-green algae (now phylum Cyanobacteria)

Question 46

Wht is Anoxyphotobacteriae and what ordeers are included here

Answer 46

- anaerobic phototrophs ORDERS: Rhodospirillales and Chlorobiales

Question 47

Scotobacteria is now known as

Answer 47

Proteobacteria and other gram negative nonphotsynthetic phyla

Question 48

What is Firmacutes and what orders are included in here

Answer 48

-gram positive, subsequnetly corrected as Firmicutes ORDERS: Bacillales and Actinomycetales (now in the phylum Actinobacteria)

Question 49

What is Mollicutes

Answer 49

- gram variable, e.g. Mycoplasma - aka Tenericutes

Question 50

WHat is Mendosicutes

Answer 50

-uneven gram stain - "methanogenic bacteria", now known as the Archaea

Question 51

factors of gram - variabe

Answer 51

age of bacterial culture, growth conditions, or otherenvironmental influences

Question 52

known as the forerunner of the molecular phylogeny revolution ad identified 3 primarily lines of descent

Answer 52

Carl Woese

Question 53

3 primary lines of descent identified by Woese fromalized into the rank domain: Eukarya, Archaea, anmd Bacteria

Answer 53

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Urkaryotes (now represented by the nucleocytoplasmic component of Eukaryotes).

Question 54

in 1987, it was divided by Carl Woese into 11 divisions based on 16s rRNA sequences

Answer 54

Eubacteria