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MCBG > MCBG S16 Nutrition, Diet And Body Weigth. > Flashcards

MCBG S16 Nutrition, Diet And Body Weigth. Flashcards

1
Q

Name some types of metabolism.

A 
Oxidative pathways 
Fuel storage and mobilisation
Biosynthesis
Detoxification
Catabolic processes
Anabolic processes
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2
Q

What work is energy needed for?

A 
Biosynthetic work
Electrical work
Mechanical work
Osmotic work
Transport work

BEMOT

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3
Q

Where do we get energy from to drive these processes?

A

Chemical bonds

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4
Q

What is the SI unit of food energy?

A

kJ

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5
Q

Define 1kcal.

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by one degree Celsius.

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6
Q

How many kJ is 1 kcal equal to?

A

4.2kJ

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7
Q

What are the major dietary carbs?

A 
Starch 
Sucrose 
Lactose 
Fructose
Glucose
Maltose
Glycogen
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8
Q

Where is sucrose found commonly and what is it made of?

A

Table sugar

Glucose and fructose disaccharide.

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9
Q

Where is lactose found and what is it made of?

A

Milk

Galactose glucose disaccharide.

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10
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

2 glucose - disaccharide.

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11
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids that cannot be synthesised?

A

If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable

Isoleucine, lysine, threonine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine.

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12
Q

Children and pregnant women have high rates of protein synthesis and therefore may also require what amino acids?

A

Arginine, Tyrosine and cysteine,.

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13
Q

What is another name for lipid?

A

triacylglycerols TAGS

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14
Q

Why do fats yield more energy upon oxidation than carbs or proteins?

A

Contain less O2 and therefore are more reduced.

Means have potential to be more oxidised and therefore release more energy.

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15
Q

Name 2 essential fatty acids that cant be synthesised in the body?

A

Linoleic and linolenic

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16
Q

What minerals are important for bones and teeth structure?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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17
Q

How much Na+ K+ and Cl- should be given in IV fluids?

A

1mmol/kg/day.

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18
Q

What volume of water should be given via IV per day?

A

30ml/kg/day

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19
Q

Name the 4 fat soluble vitamins and a disease that can arise from a deficiency in them.

A

A - Xerophthalmia - dryness of the cornea and conjuctiva
D - rickets
E- neurological abnormalities
K - defective blood clotting

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20
Q

What are some examples of fibre?

A

Cellulose
Pectin
Lignin
Gums

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21
Q

What is high fibre shown to reduce?

A

Cholesterol and risk of diabetes.

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22
Q

What is low fibre lined to?

A

Bowel cancer and constipation.

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23
Q

Why can humans not break down cellulose?

A

No enzyme to break beta 1,4 glycosidic bond.

24
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of fibre per day?

A

18g

25
Q

What is a DRV?

A

Dietary reference value - series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrient needed by different groups of health UK population.

26
Q

What is RNI?

A

Recommended nutrient intake.

Requirement for 97.5% of the population.

27
Q

What is EAR?

A

Estimated average requirement

50% of population requirements are met.

28
Q

What is LRNI?

A

Lower recommended nutrient intake.

Requirements of 2.5% of the population are met.

29
Q

Energy requirements vary depending on?

A

Age, sex, body composition and physical activity.

30
Q

What is daily energy expenditure the sum of?

A

BMR, DIT and PAL.

31
Q

What is BMR?

A

Basal metabolic rate

  • Maintenance of cells
  • Functioning of organs
  • maintaining body temperature
32
Q

What is DIT?

A

Diet-induced thermogenesis

33
Q

What is PAL?

A

Physical activity level.

34
Q

What factors affect BMR?

A 
Body size - SA
Gender 
Temperature of environment
Body temperature
Endocrine status - hyperthyroidism increases BMR.
35
Q

What does voluntary physical activity represent?

A

The energy demands of skeletal muscle, heart muscle and respiratory muscles.

36
Q

Hoe long can energy be stored in adipose?

A

40 days

37
Q

What is obesity?

A

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health

38
Q

What does BMI have to be to be considered obese?

A

> 30

39
Q

What is a weakness with BMR?

A

Muscular people - classified as obese incorrectly

40
Q

What is an alternative measure instead of BMR?

A

Waist to hip ratio

41
Q

A greater proportion of fat in upper body compared to jumps is associated with increased risk of what diseases?

A 
TII diabetes
Insulin resistance 
hyperinsulism
Hypertension
Hyper lipidemia
Stroke
Premature death
42
Q

What is marasmus?

A

Form of severe malnutrition characterised by protein deficiency.

43
Q

By what percentage does body weight have to be decreased by to be classed as marasmus?

A

62%

44
Q

What nutritional deficiencies cause marasmus?

A

Energy
Protein
Vitamins and minerals
Dehydration

45
Q

Explain the biochemistry behind the emaciated appearance of people with marasmus?

A

Fat stores mobilised due to negative energy balance
FAs release and loss of body fat occurs
Converted to ketone bodies as a source of energy for the CNS
CNS and RBCs need cant use FAs and need glucose.
Glucose released from glycogen stores in the liver.
Once exhausted muscle protein is broken for to amino acids for gluconeogenesis resulting in muscle mass loss.

46
Q

What changes can be observed in someone with marasmus?

A

Very little body fat and muscle mass

47
Q

What can the loss of ability to replace and repair tissue is marasmus lead to?

A

Thin mucosal surfaces and impaired secretory functions in the GI tract
Normochromic anaemia - RBC count decreased but haemoglobin conc in RBC is normal
Pituitary hormones are affected

48
Q

What are some cardiovascular implications of marasmus?

A

Heart muscle thins leading to impairment of heart function: Bradycardia and hypotension.
Brain can be affected in severe forms.

49
Q

What are symptoms of Kwashiorkor?

A 
Oedematous legs 
Sparse hair
Flaky skin
Swollen abdomen
Thin muscles but fat Present. 
Fatigue
Poor immune fucntion
Poor healing of damaged tissues
50
Q

What causes kwashiorkor?

A

Normal calorific intake but very low protein intake

51
Q

Why does hepatic dysfunction result from kwashiorkor?

A

Liver unable to make lipoproteins due to dietary deficiency of essential amino acids.
Accumulation of lipid in liver.

52
Q

How does insufficient protein intake result in oedema?

A

Insufficient protein means not enough AAs to synthesis albumin and other plasma proteins.,
Reduction in oncotic pressure of plasma,
Reducing amount of fluid that moves back into circulation at venous end.

53
Q

Why can the limbs of someone with Kwashiorkor look deceptively healthy?

A

Oedema hides the underlying muscle wasting and poor growth.

54
Q

Why can kwashiorkor sufferers not be given large amounts of proteins straight away?

A

Down regualtion of enzymes in urea cycle

Leads to ammonia build up

55
Q

How should food be reintroduced?

A

Slowly with small amounts, increased at intervals.

Monitor.

56
Q

What can re-feeding syndrome result inm?

A

Confusion, coma, convulsion and death.

MCBG (9 decks)

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