MCBG S16 Nutrition, Diet And Body Weigth.

Question 1

Name some types of metabolism.

Answer 1

Oxidative pathways 
Fuel storage and mobilisation
Biosynthesis
Detoxification
Catabolic processes
Anabolic processes

Question 2

What work is energy needed for?

Answer 2

Biosynthetic work
Electrical work
Mechanical work
Osmotic work
Transport work 

BEMOT

Question 3

Where do we get energy from to drive these processes?

Answer 3

Chemical bonds

Question 4

What is the SI unit of food energy?

Answer 4

kJ

Question 5

Define 1kcal.

Answer 5

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by one degree Celsius.

Question 6

How many kJ is 1 kcal equal to?

Answer 6

4.2kJ

Question 7

What are the major dietary carbs?

Answer 7

Starch 
Sucrose 
Lactose 
Fructose
Glucose
Maltose
Glycogen

Question 8

Where is sucrose found commonly and what is it made of?

Answer 8

Table sugar

Glucose and fructose disaccharide.

Question 9

Where is lactose found and what is it made of?

Answer 9

Milk

Galactose glucose disaccharide.

Question 10

What is maltose made of?

Answer 10

2 glucose - disaccharide.

Question 11

What are the 9 essential amino acids that cannot be synthesised?

Answer 11

If Learned This Huge List May Prove Truly Valuable

Isoleucine, lysine, threonine, histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine.

Question 12

Children and pregnant women have high rates of protein synthesis and therefore may also require what amino acids?

Answer 12

Arginine, Tyrosine and cysteine,.

Question 13

What is another name for lipid?

Answer 13

triacylglycerols TAGS

Question 14

Why do fats yield more energy upon oxidation than carbs or proteins?

Answer 14

Contain less O2 and therefore are more reduced.

Means have potential to be more oxidised and therefore release more energy.

Question 15

Name 2 essential fatty acids that cant be synthesised in the body?

Answer 15

Linoleic and linolenic

Question 16

What minerals are important for bones and teeth structure?

Answer 16

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 17

How much Na+ K+ and Cl- should be given in IV fluids?

Answer 17

1mmol/kg/day.

Question 18

What volume of water should be given via IV per day?

Answer 18

30ml/kg/day

Question 19

Name the 4 fat soluble vitamins and a disease that can arise from a deficiency in them.

Answer 19

A - Xerophthalmia - dryness of the cornea and conjuctiva
D - rickets
E- neurological abnormalities
K - defective blood clotting

Question 20

What are some examples of fibre?

Answer 20

Cellulose
Pectin
Lignin
Gums

Question 21

What is high fibre shown to reduce?

Answer 21

Cholesterol and risk of diabetes.

Question 22

What is low fibre lined to?

Answer 22

Bowel cancer and constipation.

Question 23

Why can humans not break down cellulose?

Answer 23

No enzyme to break beta 1,4 glycosidic bond.

Question 24

What is the recommended daily intake of fibre per day?

Answer 24

18g

Question 25

What is a DRV?

Answer 25

Dietary reference value - series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrient needed by different groups of health UK population.

Question 26

What is RNI?

Answer 26

Recommended nutrient intake. | Requirement for 97.5% of the population.

Question 27

What is EAR?

Answer 27

Estimated average requirement | 50% of population requirements are met.

Question 28

What is LRNI?

Answer 28

Lower recommended nutrient intake. | Requirements of 2.5% of the population are met.

Question 29

Energy requirements vary depending on?

Answer 29

Age, sex, body composition and physical activity.

Question 30

What is daily energy expenditure the sum of?

Answer 30

BMR, DIT and PAL.

Question 31

What is BMR?

Answer 31

Basal metabolic rate - Maintenance of cells - Functioning of organs - maintaining body temperature

Question 32

What is DIT?

Answer 32

Diet-induced thermogenesis

Question 33

What is PAL?

Answer 33

Physical activity level.

Question 34

What factors affect BMR?

Answer 34

``` Body size - SA Gender Temperature of environment Body temperature Endocrine status - hyperthyroidism increases BMR. ```

Question 35

What does voluntary physical activity represent?

Answer 35

The energy demands of skeletal muscle, heart muscle and respiratory muscles.

Question 36

Hoe long can energy be stored in adipose?

Answer 36

40 days

Question 37

What is obesity?

Answer 37

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health

Question 38

What does BMI have to be to be considered obese?

Answer 38

>30

Question 39

What is a weakness with BMR?

Answer 39

Muscular people - classified as obese incorrectly

Question 40

What is an alternative measure instead of BMR?

Answer 40

Waist to hip ratio

Question 41

A greater proportion of fat in upper body compared to jumps is associated with increased risk of what diseases?

Answer 41

``` TII diabetes Insulin resistance hyperinsulism Hypertension Hyper lipidemia Stroke Premature death ```

Question 42

What is marasmus?

Answer 42

Form of severe malnutrition characterised by protein deficiency.

Question 43

By what percentage does body weight have to be decreased by to be classed as marasmus?

Answer 43

62%

Question 44

What nutritional deficiencies cause marasmus?

Answer 44

Energy Protein Vitamins and minerals Dehydration

Question 45

Explain the biochemistry behind the emaciated appearance of people with marasmus?

Answer 45

Fat stores mobilised due to negative energy balance FAs release and loss of body fat occurs Converted to ketone bodies as a source of energy for the CNS CNS and RBCs need cant use FAs and need glucose. Glucose released from glycogen stores in the liver. Once exhausted muscle protein is broken for to amino acids for gluconeogenesis resulting in muscle mass loss.

Question 46

What changes can be observed in someone with marasmus?

Answer 46

Very little body fat and muscle mass

Question 47

What can the loss of ability to replace and repair tissue is marasmus lead to?

Answer 47

Thin mucosal surfaces and impaired secretory functions in the GI tract Normochromic anaemia - RBC count decreased but haemoglobin conc in RBC is normal Pituitary hormones are affected

Question 48

What are some cardiovascular implications of marasmus?

Answer 48

Heart muscle thins leading to impairment of heart function: Bradycardia and hypotension. Brain can be affected in severe forms.

Question 49

What are symptoms of Kwashiorkor?

Answer 49

``` Oedematous legs Sparse hair Flaky skin Swollen abdomen Thin muscles but fat Present. Fatigue Poor immune fucntion Poor healing of damaged tissues ```

Question 50

What causes kwashiorkor?

Answer 50

Normal calorific intake but very low protein intake

Question 51

Why does hepatic dysfunction result from kwashiorkor?

Answer 51

Liver unable to make lipoproteins due to dietary deficiency of essential amino acids. Accumulation of lipid in liver.

Question 52

How does insufficient protein intake result in oedema?

Answer 52

Insufficient protein means not enough AAs to synthesis albumin and other plasma proteins., Reduction in oncotic pressure of plasma, Reducing amount of fluid that moves back into circulation at venous end.

Question 53

Why can the limbs of someone with Kwashiorkor look deceptively healthy?

Answer 53

Oedema hides the underlying muscle wasting and poor growth.

Question 54

Why can kwashiorkor sufferers not be given large amounts of proteins straight away?

Answer 54

Down regualtion of enzymes in urea cycle | Leads to ammonia build up

Question 55

How should food be reintroduced?

Answer 55

Slowly with small amounts, increased at intervals. | Monitor.

Question 56

What can re-feeding syndrome result inm?

Answer 56

Confusion, coma, convulsion and death.