McCarthy Term 1

Question 1

What is the most common staining?

Answer 1

Haematoxylin and Eosin

Question 2

Haematoxylin does ?

Answer 2

Stains acidic structures dark purple eg nuclei

Question 3

Eosin does?

Answer 3

Stains basic structures pink eg cytoplasm

Question 4

What does epithelium do ?

Answer 4

Lines the inner surfaces of structures eg GIT and blood vessels as well as outer coverings eg skin

Question 5

Functions of epithelium

Answer 5

Protection, Absorption, Secretion, Excretion

Question 6

Name and describe the layers of epithelium

Answer 6

Simple - one cell thick

Stratified - more than one cell thick

Question 7

Describe the shapes of epithelium

Answer 7

Squamous - very flat, Cuboidal - cuboid shaped, Columnar - columns

Question 8

Where can squamous epithelium be found ?

Answer 8

Lungs, Blood vessels, Skin

Question 9

Where can columnar epithelium be found ?

Answer 9

GIT

Question 10

Blood vessels are lined with…

Answer 10

Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium, however, as it hasn’t got contacted with the outside world its endothelium

Question 11

Skin is made up of….

Answer 11

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 12

The stomach and convoluted tubules of the kidney’s are lined with…

Answer 12

Simple Columnar epithelium

Question 13

The main difference in cell type of inflammation in acute or chronic on a histopathology slide is….

Answer 13

Acute - more neutrophils Chronic - more macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 14

Feature of a neutrophil

Answer 14

Multi - lobbed nucleus

Question 15

Feature of a lymphocyte

Answer 15

Large spherical nucleus

Question 16

Function on neutrophil

Answer 16

Release toxins to kill pathogens

Question 17

Function of lymphocyte

Answer 17

Generate specific immune responses

Question 18

Function of eosinophils

Answer 18

Increased in allergic infections

Question 19

Function of basophils

Answer 19

Releases histamine for inflammation

Question 20

5 signs of acute inflammation…

Answer 20

Redness, Pain, Heat, Loss of function and Oedema

Question 21

Acute Inflammation contains more of which cells..

Answer 21

Neutrophils

Question 22

Chronic Inflammation contains more of which cells…

Answer 22

Lymphocytes and macrophages and then some fibroblasts leading to scar formation

Question 23

Granuloma composition

Answer 23

Necrosis of pathogen in centre, activated macrophages surrounding that, then lymphocytes with giant cells (fused macrophages around that).

Question 24

Define necrosis

Answer 24

death of cell(s) caused by physical or chemical injury or severe hypoxia, due to depletion of the intracellular energy systems

Question 25

5 types of necrosis

Answer 25

Caseous, Coagulative, Fat, Colliquative and Fibrinoid

Question 26

Define Amorphous

Answer 26

No shape

Question 27

Define pyknosis

Answer 27

Necrosis of the nucleus

Question 28

Define karyorrhexis

Answer 28

Fragmentation of the nucleus after pyknosis

Question 29

Define karyolysis

Answer 29

Nucleus dissolving

Question 30

Coagulitive negrosis is caused by...

Answer 30

Ischaemia (reduced blood flow to the area) or infarction

Question 31

Which type of cells are attracted to an area of coagulitive necrosis ?

Answer 31

RBC

Question 32

Define hyperaemia

Answer 32

Alot of blood rushing to one area

Question 33

Iron deficiency anaemia is caused by...

Answer 33

Blood loss, poor diet or increase in body requirements eg pregnancy

Question 34

Iron deficiency looks like...

Answer 34

Hollow RBCs

Question 35

How is Hodgkins Lymphoma diagnosed...

Answer 35

Through finding Reed-Sternberg cells (large tumorous cells). They developed in the lymphocytes and then replace normal cells and affect the immune system

Question 36

What is Amyloidosis?

Answer 36

An abnormal protein that deposits from the blood to tissues and organs. Blocks certains structures eg glomerulus in kidneys and lead to failure. Caused by mutation of gene.

Question 37

Pathological hypertrophy is often caused by...

Answer 37

Hypertension, an eg is cardiac hypertrophy

Question 38

Hyperplasia

Answer 38

Increase in number of cells

Question 39

An example of pathological hyperplasia...

Answer 39

Benign prostatic hyperplasia, increase in size of prostate, not cancerous, leads to inability of urination and is reversible

Question 40

What is metaplasia?

Answer 40

The transformation of one differentiated cell into another differentiated cell due to an abnormal stimulus. Remove the stimulus, its returns back to normal

Question 41

What is dysplasia?

Answer 41

The transformation of a normal cell to a differentiated cell. Often leads to neoplasia (cancer). Remove the stimulus, its returns back to normal

Question 42

What is neoplasia?

Answer 42

A irreversible uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control.

Question 43

Benign & Malignant - Spread

Answer 43

Benign - Localised as often encapsulated. Malignant - cells transferred via lymphatic or circulatory systems so non-encapsulated.

Question 44

Benign & Malignant - Rate of growth

Answer 44

Benign - slow. Malignant - rapid

Question 45

Metastases is...

Answer 45

where a malignant tumour begins to grow in a new organ

Question 46

Benign & Malignant - Effect on surrounding tissues

Answer 46

Benign - compress normal tissues. Malignant - invades and destroys.

Question 47

Adenoma is..

Answer 47

Benign tumour of glandular tissue

Question 48

Carcinoma is ...

Answer 48

Cancer that starts in the skin or tissues that line other organs.

Question 49

Sarcoma is...

Answer 49

Cancer of connective tissues eg muscles, bones, tendons

Question 50

Leukaemia is...

Answer 50

Cancer of bone marrow

Question 51

Lymphoma & Myeloma are...

Answer 51

Cancers of the immune system

Question 52

Leiomyoma (Fibroid) are...

Answer 52

Benign smooth muscle tumours, mostly occur in uterus and rarely become cancerous.

Question 53

Pleomorphism is...

Answer 53

cells of different size and shape and staining.

Question 54

Name a primary lymphoid organ

Answer 54

Thymus or bone marrow as it produces cells part of the immune system, secondary lymphatic organs eg lymph or spleen only filter the blood

Question 55

Which lymphoid tissues are unencapsulated ?

Answer 55

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

Question 56

The spleen is largely involved with response to antigens within the...

Answer 56

Blood

Question 57

Bone marrow is the site of...

Answer 57

long term antibody production

Question 58

Which one dosen't protect body surfaces ? | Skin, mucus, gastric acid, salivary amylase or gut microflora

Answer 58

Salivary amylase

Question 59

Specific antibodies are readily detected in the serum following primary contact with antigens after how many days

Answer 59

5-7 days

Question 60

Plasma cells secrete...

Answer 60

specific types of antibodies related to the parent b-cell

Question 61

What is the first immunoglobulin to be expressed on the surface of a newly produced B-cell ?

Answer 61

IgM

Question 62

MHC II are found on...

Answer 62

B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 63

When an antigen reaches a lymph node in a primed animal...

Answer 63

there is a decrease in output of cells through the efferent lymph

Question 64

CD8 is...

Answer 64

Cytotoxic T cell

Question 65

CD4 is...

Answer 65

Binds to MHC II on APCs

Question 66

A major factor regulating the adaptive immune response is...

Answer 66

the antigen concentration

Question 67

Chronic granuloma represents an attempt by the body to..

Answer 67

wall off a site of chronic inflammation

Question 68

Which type of hypersensitivity cannot be transferred..

Answer 68

type IV

Question 69

HLA-DR2 is a risk factor for...

Answer 69

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 70

Streptococcus pyogenes causes...

Answer 70

Pharyngitis and tonsillitis

Question 71

Staphylococcus aureus is a problem in hospitals because...

Answer 71

increased antibiotic resistant

Question 72

Neisseria meningitidis causes...

Answer 72

Meningitis

Question 73

Haemophilus influenza causes...

Answer 73

H. influenzae type b

Question 74

Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe. What does this mean?

Answer 74

The organism can only live in environment which lack oxygen.

Question 75

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an 'opportunistic' which means...

Answer 75

it only causes diseases in individuals with a compromised immune system.

Question 76

Helicobacter pylori causes which gastric condition...

Answer 76

Peptic ulcer disease and could lead to gastric cancer as it develops within the mucus layer of the stomach

Question 77

Campylobacter sp. cause what symptoms...

Answer 77

gastroenteritis with diarrhoea, fever and nausea