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S & F 4 Test 2 > McCumbee - Pituitary > Flashcards

McCumbee - Pituitary Flashcards

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1
Q

Part of pituitary
Composed of epithelial tissues
Embryologically formed from ectodermal cells from the roof of the embryonic pharynx

A

Adenohypophysis

Anterior pituitary

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2
Q

Part of the pituitary

Composed of neural tissue

From from downward evagination of floor of embyronic brain

A

Neurohypophysis

Posterior pituitary

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3
Q

Hypothalamic hormones can enter the blood directly through the _________

A

Posterior pituitary

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4
Q

The supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei send unmyelinated magnocellular neurons that pass thru the infundibulum and terminate in close proximity to the capillaries of the posterior pituitary. These release which two hormones?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

Oxytocin

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5
Q

Vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized as preprohormones containing ____ (x4)

A

Signal peptide

Hormone sequence

Neurophysin domain

Glycopeptide domain (ADH not oxytocin)

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6
Q

Explain the role of neurophysin in ADH and oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary

A

Neurophysin is synthesized as part of the preprohormone.

When the prohormones are packaged at the ER and Golgi, neurophysin is cleaved and then acts as a intraneuronal carrier

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7
Q

Direct hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary secretory function is mediated by neurosecretions called ________

A

Hypophysiotropic hormones

Also called releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

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8
Q

Growth hormone release hormone _______ somatotropes, which are what release Growth hormone

A

Stimulates

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9
Q

Somatostatin (SS) ________ somatropes which are what release growth hormone (GH)

A

Inhibits

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10
Q

TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) ________ thyrotropes which are what release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

Stimulates

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11
Q

TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormones) _________ lactotropes, which are what release prolactin

A

Stimulates

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12
Q

Dopamine _________ lactotropes which are what release PRL (prolactin)

A

Inhibits

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13
Q

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) ________ gonadotropes, which are what release FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

A

Stimulates

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14
Q

CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) ________ corticotrope which releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and Beta-LPH (beta-lipotropin)

A

Stimulates

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15
Q

AVP (arginine vasopressin) _____________ corticotrope which releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and Beta-LPH (beta-lipotropin)

A

Stimulates

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16
Q

What are 3 pituitary hormones in the glycoprotein family ?

A

Luteinizing hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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17
Q

What are 4 significant glycoprotein family hormones

A

LH

FSH

TSH

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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18
Q

Which subunit of the two differs in glycoproteins

A

Beta subunit (this gives specific biological functions)

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19
Q

What pituitary hormones are in the somatomammotropin family ?

A

Growth hormone

Prolactin

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20
Q

Which member of the proopiomelanocortin family is a prominent anterior pituitary player

A

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

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21
Q

ACTH binds to _____ receptors on adrenal gland

A

MC2R

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22
Q

What are the direct actions of GH?

A

Stimulates production and release of IGF-1 and IGF-binding proteins from liver and other target cells

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23
Q

______ is the principle mediator of GH action on skeletal growth

A

IGF-I

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24
Q

What is the indirect action of GH?

A

IGF-I produced, this induces the majority of growth promoting actions of GH.

IGF-I is principle mediator of GH actions on skeletal growth.

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25
GH _____ lipolysis
Stimulates | Especially in visceral adipose tissue
26
GH actions ______ the actions of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism
Oppose
27
GH ______ insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and oxidation
suppresses
28
GH _______ gluconeogenesis and glycogenloysis
Stimulates
29
GH _______ whole body protein synthesis
Increases
30
GH _______ proteolysis
Inhibits
31
How is IGF-1 typically transported in circulation?
In large MW complex w/ IGF IGFBP-3 ALS (acid-labile subunit)
32
The major source of circulating IGF-1 is the ?
Liver | Also locally produced IGF-I by target cells is very important.
33
________ in the epiphyseal growth plate express receptors for both GH and IGF-1
Chondrocytes
34
GH target cells in epiphyseal growth plate synth and release ______ in response to GH stimulation
IGF-1
35
What are the functions of IGFBP’s X5
Carry IGF’s in circulation Provide a circulatory reservoir of IGF Increase circulatory half life of IGF Modulate IGF bioavailability Potentiate or inhibit IGF
36
Members of the somatomammotropin family work thru the ______ pathway
JAK/STAT
37
Members of the glycoprotein family of hormones work thru the _______ pathway
GPCR | Yields cAMP signaling pathway
38
Due to the high degree of homology in their receptors, at high concentrations, IGF-1 will mimic the actions of ________.
Insulin
39
What is the action of IGFBP proteases?
At baseline IGF has a higher affinity for IGFBP than it does for IGF-receptors. IGFBP proteases break down these IGFBP’s and allow IGF’s to bind to their target cells more readily. (Some cancers increase the amount of IGFBP proteases)
40
What are the 5 target cells of IGF?
Fibroblasts Chondrocytes Osteoblasts Adipocytes Muscle cells
41
What are specific effects of IGF (x3)
Stimulate RNA and DNA, increasing protein synthesis Cell proliferation Small insulin like effect on muscle cells and adipose tissue
42
The actions of GHRH on GH release are enhanced by ?
Ghrelin
43
What does GHRH do at the cell membrane to increase exocytosis of GH?
It stimulates influx of calcium thru calcium channels, depolarizing membrane.
44
What does somatostatin do at the cell membrane to inhibit the release of GH?
It increases K+ influx into the cell.
45
Negative feedback inhibition of GH secretion is exerted primarily by the actions of IGF-1 on the ____- and _____
Pituitary and hypothalamus
46
Conditions that inhibit GH secretion ? X2
Hyperglycemia Elevated levels of FFA
47
During starvation and protein-calorie malnutrition, circulating GH levels are _______
Elevated
48
During starvation and protein-calorie malnutrition, circulating IGF-1 levels are ______
Decreased
49
GH is released in a circadian pattern characterized by a large burst of secretory activity occurring approximately 1-2 hours after ?
The onset of deep sleep.
50
What are 6 physiological stimuli that stimulate GH secretion?
Exercise Stress Ghrelin Sex hormones Protein infusion. (Arginine for stimulation test) Postprandial hypoglycemia
51
Fetal growth is affected by (x6)
Maternal genome Maternal environment (cigs, etoh, hypoxia, etc) Hormones produced by placenta Uterine blood flow Maternal diet and metabolism Adequate invasion of endometrium by trophoblast (and subsequent development of uteroplacental circulation) Maternal genome
52
Uteroplacental bloodflow is ________ substantially in women w/ preeclampsia
Reduced
53
What are 3 big hormones and GFs that affect fetal growth?
IGF/IGFBP’s Glucocorticoids Insulin
54
High levels of insulin are associated with what type of birth weights?
Higher birth weights
55
Women w/ diabetes tend to have babies with _______ birth weight
High
56
What do glucocorticoids do to developing fetus?
Play role in promoting development and maturation of various organs
57
What is the principle extrinsic regulator of growth?
Adequate nutrition
58
What types of nutrition are of significant importance in growth regulation?
Protein, minerals, vitamins, adequate caloric intake
59
_____ is the single most important hormone involved in promoting postnatal growth
Growth hormone
60
Explain thyroid hormones role in postnatal growth?
Thyroid hormone promotes linear growth by increasing growth hormone. Thyroid hormone won’t promote growth in absence of GH.
61
Explain growth in hypothyroid patients
Circulating levels of GH and IGF are low. GH secretion in response to provocative stimuli is diminished. Kid will be undersized. Treating kid w/ thyroxine restores plasma GH levels (and IGF), kid will have rapid catch-up in growth and an increase in skeletal muscle following treatment.
62
What happens in the growth spurt of puberty?
Sex hormones (principally estradiol) cause the increase of linear growth and the fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates (estradiol E2), principally by causing the increase in growth hormone
63
Enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens
Aromatase
64
Insulin promotes protein ______ and inhibits protein _______
Anabolism Catabolism
65
__________ has a negative effect on growth
Glucocorticoids
66
What are the three main causes of GH deficient state
Hypothalamus (fail to produce GHRH) Pituitary (tumor destroys somatotropes, GH defective, or decrease quant GH) Target tissue (GH receptor, or problem producing IGF)
67
Why do GH deficient people have tendencies for hypoglycemia?
GH is a counterregulatory molecule for insulin, meaning it helps to prevent insulin induced hypoglycemia (along w/ epinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol)
68
What are typical consequences for pt’s with GH deficiency? (X4)
Short stature Delayed bone maturation Tendency for hypoglycemia Mild obesity
69
Explain laron dwarfism
Laron dwarfism is cause by deletions or mutations in GH receptors. (Type 1, receptors and high GH but no IGF production. Type 2 - GH receptor defects for binding) Short stature Mild obesity Bone delayed maturity Prone to hypoglycemia

S & F 4 Test 2 (15 decks)

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