MCQ Principles of A&M

Question 1

Validity

Answer 1

Accuracy of a study

Question 2

Reliability

Answer 2

Consistency and repeatability of a study

Question 3

Quantitative data

Answer 3

• Numbers
• Statistics

Question 4

Qualitative Data

Answer 4

• Survey
• Questionaire

Question 5

Standardised assessments

Answer 5

• No variation
• Same method/procedure
• usually the same outcome

Question 6

Non standardised Assessment

Answer 6

-Hard to repeat
-Variety/change
-Less valid
- Different outcome

Question 7

What are the four types of instrument validity?

Answer 7

-Face
-Content
-Criterion
-Construct

Question 8

What are the two types of study validity?

Answer 8

-Internal
-External

Question 9

What are the four types of reliability?

Answer 9

• Internal
  -Test/Retest
  -Inter-rated
  -Intra-rater

Question 10

What are the four levels of measurement? (NOIR)

Answer 10

-Nominal
-Ordinal
-Ratio
-Interval scale

Question 11

Specificity

Answer 11

How well a test rejects people without the condition or disease.

Question 12

Sensitivity

Answer 12

How well test detects people with the condition or people

Question 13

Audit

Answer 13

-Quality improvement process+ tool
-Clinical governance

Question 14

What are the two types of audit

Answer 14

-Peer review
-Surveys/Focus groups

Question 15

Central tendency (Mean)

Answer 15

A value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position.

Question 16

Sensitivity

Answer 16

TP / TP + FN

Question 17

Specificity

Answer 17

TN / TN + FP

Question 18

Accuracy

Answer 18

True/ Everything OR

TP+TN/ TP + TN + FP + FN

Question 19

How to plan an Audit

Answer 19

Potatoes see chips as an imposter

1.Plan- get permission, gather team + plan
2.Set standards ( Gold standard)
3.Collect data
4. Analyse + interpret fundings
5. Action plan + Present findings
6.Implement change + Reaudit

Question 20

Internal reliability

Answer 20

All components involved are testing the same thing

Question 21

Test/Retest reliability

Answer 21

Repeat test to ensure same answers each time.

Question 22

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 22

Multiple testers all testing the same thing to see if they get the same results

Question 23

Intra-rater reliability

Answer 23

One single tester repeating test to try and get the same results each time

Question 24

Internal validity (SV)

Answer 24

Relates to how well a study is conducted and if it answers the rears h question.

Question 25

External validity (SV)

Answer 25

How well a study can relate to the real world setting

Question 26

Instrument validity

Answer 26

Making sure the indicator chosen measures appropriately what you want it to measure

Question 27

Face Content Validity

Answer 27

Wether the content of the test appears to be suitable to its aim

Question 28

Criterion Validity

Answer 28

Evaluates how accurate a test measures the outcome it was designed to measure.

Question 29

Construct validity

Answer 29

Wether your test or measure accurately assess what its meant to

Question 30

Study validity

Answer 30

How well you can generalise a study towards its participants without bias.

Question 31

Nominal

Answer 31

-Name -Percentages -Countries - Painful and not painful -Living and dead E.g Alive/dead Male/Female Tall/short

Question 32

Ordinal

Answer 32

-Names in order -Mild pain,Medium pain, severe pain -High income, low income E.g 1st, 2nd, 3rd

Question 33

Ratio

Answer 33

Intervals with ‘true zero’ E.g VAS

Question 34

Interval scale

Answer 34

Numbers with equal intervals E.g Pain Intensity scale

Question 35

Diagnostic accuracy

Answer 35

-The accuracy of a test is its ability to differentiate between the patient with a condition and healthy cases correctly. -To estimate the accuracy of a test we should calculate the proportion of true positive and true negative in all evaluated cases.

Question 36

High sensitivity =

Answer 36

Low specificity and people may receive a false positive outcome.

Question 37

Good test ?

Answer 37

Ideally high sensitivity ( Approx > 90%) AND High specificity (Approx > 90%)

Question 38

What validity do the terms sensitivity and specificity relate to ?

Answer 38

Criterion

Question 39

What is one of the simplest ways to measure criterion validity?

Answer 39

- To compare it to known standard (Gold standard, reference standard, benchmark and traditional test)

Question 40

If the test outcome is POSITIVE

Answer 40

SpPin- When specificity is high and the test is positive you can be confident , that its likely to be a true positive Rule IN the condition

Question 41

I SpPin

Answer 41

High specificity = test is positive= true positive Why? A high specificity is only possible when there is a very small number of false positives, therefore if you do get a positive result from the test you can be confident that it's likely to be a true positive

Question 42

If the test outcome is NEGATIVE

Answer 42

SnNout- Sensitivity is high and the test is Negative you can be confident this is a true negative Rule OUT condition  

Question 43

High sensitivity = test is negative = true negative

Answer 43

Why? A high sensitivity means (look at the equation) there has to be a very small proportion of false negatives, therefore if you get a negative response it is much more likely to be positive than negativ