MCQ2 Flashcards by Tash Yates

How much faster does sound travel in water than air?

5 times

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Light travels how deep in water?

200m depth

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Sound is a

pressure wave, measured by frequency

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Low frequencies travel further or less than high?

further than high frequencies

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Low frequency can travel…. (metres)

thousands

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Sound propagation is dependent on

Water, Salinity, Temp and pH

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Shipping noises

flow over hull, engine noise and dynamic positioning

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Shipping noise is what frequency?

5-500Hz

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Shipping noise has increased by…?

3db/year (doubling every year)

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Seismic survey noise is

Airguns

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Seismic survey sound is around what frequency?

<300Hz but spills into higher frequencies

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Seismic surveys test where?

Continental shelf

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Naval sonar uses what frequencies?

100-500Hz and 2-8kHz

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Science surveys are used to:

Map seabed, finding sea temperature and tagging

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Construction and pile driving cause what?

temporary mammal displacement

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Fisheries use what to confuse mammals and keep them at a distance?

banana tags

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Marine organisms use sound to:

find prey, attract mates and socialise

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Impacts of noise can be:

Death, increased stress, changing behaviour and masking

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PTS

Permanent Threshold Shift

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TTS

Temporary threshold shift

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PTS and TTS limits for cetaceans

PTS - 5m and TTS - 10m

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PTS and TTS limits for pinnipeds

PTS - 20m and TTS 40m

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Stress in small crustaceans has lead to:

Reduced growth and reproduction

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Level of displacement of porpoises around pile driving?

22km radius

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Masking is

being unable to hear conspecifics to mate, or predators

Legislation with some thresholds for marine noise

MSFD Descriptor 11

Climate change can change sound in water by:

increased transparency to low frequencies (decreased salinity and increased pH)

Crocodiles 1800s

Large scale harvest of skins

Crocodiles 1820s

Demand dropped (leather came up)

Crocodiles 1860s

Civil war lead to higher demand again

Crocodiles 1930s

Fashion in Europe leading to decline in 60s

Louisiana Crocodilians killed

3.5 million alligators 1880-1933

Brazil Crocodilians killed

7.5 million caiman 1950-1965

Colombia Crocodilians killed

<1980 11.65 million caiman

1975 trade of croc skins prohibited by

CITES

Alligators removed form endangered species list in

1987

Managed harvests for crocodilians now in

USA, Zimbabwe and Papua New Guinea

Louisiana now makes ____ in croc trade

$25 million/year

Venezuela has made ____ in export of croc skins since 1990

$25 million

Countries that advocate whaling

Japan, Iceland, Norway

IWC

International Whaling Commision

IWC established in

1946

Catch limit on whales in 1986

Zero, except for some aboriginal quotas

How many critically endangered species of cetacean?

How many endangered species of whale

How many least concern species of whale?

Russian soviet whalers could kill:

200 sperm, 100 humpbacks or 30 blue whales/day

How many Russian ships in whaling fleet?

7 factory fleet and 5 whaling stations

How many whales hidden by Russians?

152,000 whales

Russians caused population crashes of:

Antarctic humpbacks and North Pacific right whale

Green turtles, there are now:

300,000 (0.33% left)

Hawksbill turtles, there are now:

30,000 (0.27% left)

Oil is formed due to:

anaerobic decomposition of small organisms over years and years under compression and heat

Hydrocarbons are found mainly on:

continental shelf

Demand for oil is highest in

USA, China the Europe

Main reserve of oil are in:

Canada, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Venezuela

Hydrocarbons are found using

Seismic surveys

Oil is seen in surveys using

seismic stratigraphy

Rigs are used to

drill to correct layer and ensure there is oil

Static oil platform is used for

taking up oil when commercially viable

FPSO

Floating production storage and offloading vessel

FPSO role is

holding oil to be taken away by oil tankers

Oil tankers take the oil...

to refineries to convert into fractions

Torrey Canyon

1967, 60,000 tonnes of oil spilt

How to track where oil might spread

Radar and GNOME (software)

How can you clean up oil?

Booms and skimmers, dispersants, burning and coastal removal

Disperants contain

PAHs

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Physical impacts on wildlife of oil

feeding behaviour, impaired breathing, changes to preening, heat regulation failing, displacement, predation

Physiological impacts on wildlife of oil

Direct lethal toxicity, Sub-lethal disruption of behaviour, Downstream effect on progeny, Bioaccumulation

Seabird worst effected by oil

Auks

Effects on seabirds of oil

Waterproofing, ingestion from preening, lack of feeding (toxic effect on organs)

Impact of oil on turtle hatchlings

fewer and more deformed scutes, can digest tar balls

impact of oil on turtles

failing of salt glands, epithelium breakdown