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Exploitation of the Sea > MCQ2 > Flashcards

MCQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

How much faster does sound travel in water than air?

A

5 times

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2
Q

Light travels how deep in water?

A

200m depth

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3
Q

Sound is a

A

pressure wave, measured by frequency

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4
Q

Low frequencies travel further or less than high?

A

further than high frequencies

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5
Q

Low frequency can travel…. (metres)

A

thousands

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6
Q

Sound propagation is dependent on

A

Water, Salinity, Temp and pH

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7
Q

Shipping noises

A

flow over hull, engine noise and dynamic positioning

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8
Q

Shipping noise is what frequency?

A

5-500Hz

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9
Q

Shipping noise has increased by…?

A

3db/year (doubling every year)

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10
Q

Seismic survey noise is

A

Airguns

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11
Q

Seismic survey sound is around what frequency?

A

<300Hz but spills into higher frequencies

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12
Q

Seismic surveys test where?

A

Continental shelf

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13
Q

Naval sonar uses what frequencies?

A

100-500Hz and 2-8kHz

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14
Q

Science surveys are used to:

A

Map seabed, finding sea temperature and tagging

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15
Q

Construction and pile driving cause what?

A

temporary mammal displacement

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16
Q

Fisheries use what to confuse mammals and keep them at a distance?

A

banana tags

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17
Q

Marine organisms use sound to:

A

find prey, attract mates and socialise

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18
Q

Impacts of noise can be:

A

Death, increased stress, changing behaviour and masking

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19
Q

PTS

A

Permanent Threshold Shift

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20
Q

TTS

A

Temporary threshold shift

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21
Q

PTS and TTS limits for cetaceans

A

PTS - 5m and TTS - 10m

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22
Q

PTS and TTS limits for pinnipeds

A

PTS - 20m and TTS 40m

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23
Q

Stress in small crustaceans has lead to:

A

Reduced growth and reproduction

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24
Q

Level of displacement of porpoises around pile driving?

A

22km radius

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25
Q

Masking is

A

being unable to hear conspecifics to mate, or predators

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26
Q

Legislation with some thresholds for marine noise

A

MSFD Descriptor 11

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27
Q

Climate change can change sound in water by:

A

increased transparency to low frequencies (decreased salinity and increased pH)

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28
Q

Crocodiles 1800s

A

Large scale harvest of skins

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29
Q

Crocodiles 1820s

A

Demand dropped (leather came up)

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30
Q

Crocodiles 1860s

A

Civil war lead to higher demand again

31
Q

Crocodiles 1930s

A

Fashion in Europe leading to decline in 60s

32
Q

Louisiana Crocodilians killed

A

3.5 million alligators 1880-1933

33
Q

Brazil Crocodilians killed

A

7.5 million caiman 1950-1965

34
Q

Colombia Crocodilians killed

A

<1980 11.65 million caiman

35
Q

1975 trade of croc skins prohibited by

A

CITES

36
Q

Alligators removed form endangered species list in

A

1987

37
Q

Managed harvests for crocodilians now in

A

USA, Zimbabwe and Papua New Guinea

38
Q

Louisiana now makes ____ in croc trade

A

$25 million/year

39
Q

Venezuela has made ____ in export of croc skins since 1990

A

$25 million

40
Q

Countries that advocate whaling

A

Japan, Iceland, Norway

41
Q

IWC

A

International Whaling Commision

42
Q

IWC established in

A

1946

43
Q

Catch limit on whales in 1986

A

Zero, except for some aboriginal quotas

44
Q

How many critically endangered species of cetacean?

A

2

45
Q

How many endangered species of whale

A

7

46
Q

How many least concern species of whale?

A

22

47
Q

Russian soviet whalers could kill:

A

200 sperm, 100 humpbacks or 30 blue whales/day

48
Q

How many Russian ships in whaling fleet?

A

7 factory fleet and 5 whaling stations

49
Q

How many whales hidden by Russians?

A

152,000 whales

50
Q

Russians caused population crashes of:

A

Antarctic humpbacks and North Pacific right whale

51
Q

Green turtles, there are now:

A

300,000 (0.33% left)

52
Q

Hawksbill turtles, there are now:

A

30,000 (0.27% left)

53
Q

Oil is formed due to:

A

anaerobic decomposition of small organisms over years and years under compression and heat

54
Q

Hydrocarbons are found mainly on:

A

continental shelf

55
Q

Demand for oil is highest in

A

USA, China the Europe

56
Q

Main reserve of oil are in:

A

Canada, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Venezuela

57
Q

Hydrocarbons are found using

A

Seismic surveys

58
Q

Oil is seen in surveys using

A

seismic stratigraphy

59
Q

Rigs are used to

A

drill to correct layer and ensure there is oil

60
Q

Static oil platform is used for

A

taking up oil when commercially viable

61
Q

FPSO

A

Floating production storage and offloading vessel

62
Q

FPSO role is

A

holding oil to be taken away by oil tankers

63
Q

Oil tankers take the oil…

A

to refineries to convert into fractions

64
Q

Torrey Canyon

A

1967, 60,000 tonnes of oil spilt

65
Q

How to track where oil might spread

A

Radar and GNOME (software)

66
Q

How can you clean up oil?

A

Booms and skimmers, dispersants, burning and coastal removal

67
Q

Disperants contain

A

PAHs

68
Q

PAHs

A

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

69
Q

Physical impacts on wildlife of oil

A

feeding behaviour, impaired breathing, changes to preening, heat regulation failing, displacement, predation

70
Q

Physiological impacts on wildlife of oil

A

Direct lethal toxicity, Sub-lethal disruption of behaviour, Downstream effect on progeny, Bioaccumulation

71
Q

Seabird worst effected by oil

A

Auks

72
Q

Effects on seabirds of oil

A

Waterproofing, ingestion from preening, lack of feeding (toxic effect on organs)

73
Q

Impact of oil on turtle hatchlings

A

fewer and more deformed scutes, can digest tar balls

74
Q

impact of oil on turtles

A

failing of salt glands, epithelium breakdown

Exploitation of the Sea (2 decks)

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