M.D up to lecture 4

Question 1

Motor Development

Answer 1

Irreversible and continuous change in movement capacity as influenced by Task, Individual and Environmental constraints (TIE)

Question 2

Motor Learning

Answer 2

Refers to the relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience

Question 3

Motor Control

Answer 3

The study of the neural, physical, and behavioural aspects of movement

Question 4

Physical Maturation

Answer 4

Qualitative advance in biological make up and may refer to cell , organ, or system advancement in biomechanical composition rather than to size alone

Question 5

Development

Answer 5

Process of change in functional capacity

• Rate and direction of change differs across the lifespan
• Irreversible process

Question 6

Growth

Answer 6

Increase in size of the system

Question 7

Maturation

Answer 7

Progression to optimal functioning

Question 8

Constraint Model Of Motor Development

Answer 8

Movement solutions result from influences of the task and environment (Newwell)

Question 9

Constraint

Answer 9

A factor that limit some movement patterns well encouraging other movement patterns

Question 10

Individual Constraints (TIE)

Answer 10

A persons physical (structural) and mental (functional) characteristics.

Structural:
Physical dimensions
•change with age
-ex. Mass, height, arm span etc.

Functional:
Psychological behaviour capacities
-ex. Confidence, motivation, attention, experience, knowledge, problem-solving, fear etc.

Question 11

Task Constraints (TIE)

Answer 11

Goals, rules, and equipment used to complete actions

Question 12

Environmental Constraints

Answer 12

Property of existing world around us.

Ex.-temperature, light, humidity, building design, socio-cultural demands

Question 13

Research in Motor Development:

Cross-sectional Study (most used)

Answer 13

Different people at different ages

Question 14

Research in Motor Development:
Longitudinal Study (likes but takes long time)

Answer 14

Same people at different times

Question 15

Research in Motor Development:

Mixed Design

Answer 15

Measuring a cross-section over a longer and overlapping period of time

Question 16

Observation of Development:

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 16

• “in the field”/“in vitro”
• typical location of behaviour
• advantage of no interference in situation

Question 17

Observation of Development:

Structured Observation

Answer 17

• typically “in-vitro”/lab
• Experimental method
• MANIPULATE environment or task to influence behaviour

Question 18

Maturational Perspective:

Phase Stage Theory

Answer 18

• changes progress in an ordered sequence of stages
• can skip the stage, but they cannot be re-ordered
-ex. “Terrible 2s”
-driven by genetic clock

Question 19

Maturational Perspective: Theoretical underpinning

Answer 19

• Motor development is a pre-determined genetically driven innate process
• but, an individual can have unique timing

Question 20

Maturational Perspective:

CNS development triggers appearance of new skill

Answer 20

• markers of development are qualitative and discontinuous events
• therefore, it is unnecessary to encourage or facility behaviours

Question 21

Development Milestone Theories

Answer 21

• milestones are used to gauge rate and extent of development
-ex.
Hold head upright
Walks assisted
Walks unassisted
• process is documented in a descriptive and continuous process
-contrast phase-stage as there is no skipping milestones
-How quickly a child reaches the milestones indicates how well they will adjust to the world

Question 22

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

Sensorimotor

Answer 22

Birth-2yrs.

Link movement to sensation

Question 23

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

Preoperational

Answer 23

2yrs-7yrs

Label work with words and images

Question 24

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

Concrete Operational

Answer 24

7yrs-11yrs

Use of classification;logic

Question 25

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory: | Formal Operational

Answer 25

12yrs+ Abstract and idealistic reasoning

Question 26

Biomechanical Descriptions

Answer 26

• Biomechanical analysis of FMS - longitudinal studies that describe age related change - measures of force, times, angles, and other performance variables - focusses on performance quality(not just outcome) - efficient movement patterns

Question 27

``` Information Processing (A.C.E): Neural Afference ```

Answer 27

Sensation -seeing,hearing,body awareness

Question 28

``` Information Processing (A.C.E): Computations (3) ```

Answer 28

1. Stimulus identification 2. Response selection 3. Response program

Question 29

``` Information Processing (A.C.E): Neural Efference ```

Answer 29

Movements | -ex. Flex muscle

Question 30

Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1973)

Answer 30

•All behaviour is learned from the environment (observation) - modelling - reward - punishment • social culture of sports sometimes promotes a culture of violence

Question 31

Direct Perception | “Ecological approach”

Answer 31

• environment find the system for a specific response -lower emphasis on cognitive processing * FaceTime humans perceiving affordance * Direct observation of the utility of an object with reference to the observer - changes with age - body scaling changes

Question 32

Affordance

Answer 32

An action that is automatically identified by the actor, as defined by: 1. Properties of the object - ex. Small,metal and wooden,striking surface (understand it’s a hammer) • depends on observer - Knee-height for a child is not knee-height for an adult

Question 33

Niche

Answer 33

- A set of Affordances | - A place where the observer “fits” metaphorically

Question 34

Ecological framework

Answer 34

* behaviours emerge as stable patterns of action * System oscillates as designed * environmental constraints and task constraints work on the individual to produce movement

Question 35

Dynamic systems

Answer 35

• understanding the interactions of the T.I.E constraints allow us to understand a persons movement outcomes -gives a broader view of development and how we can intervene

Question 36

DPA improves:

Answer 36

- physiological health - phycological health - Quality of Life •Specially: - maintain healthy body mass - improve movement ability - increase endurance - increased neurotransmitter response

Question 37

Physical Activity

Answer 37

- increases heart rate - increases ventilation rate - increases voluntary skeletal muscle movement

Question 38

F.I.T: Frequently, Intensity, & Time

Answer 38

•frequency - how often the task occurs - group of tasks/single task •Intensity - moderate-vigorous - energetic play: working hard breathing heavy & feeling warm •Time(duration) - an accumulation of time - bouts of time (ex.10min)

Question 39

Types of activity

Answer 39

- Anaerobic:strength exercise, repetitive high activity low time task - Aerobic:endurance task

Question 40

PA Guidelines: | Early Years 0-4yrs

Answer 40

* Several times/daily * Any intensity * 180min per day (up to 60 min energetic/day)

Question 41

PA Guidelines: Children 5-11yrs. Youth 12-17yrs.

Answer 41

•3x / wk vigorous + 3x / wk strength training •Moderate-Vigorous •60min/day

Question 42

PA Guidelines: Adults 18-64 yrs. Older Adults 64+

Answer 42

•accumulated (minimum bouts of 10min) 2x / wk strength training + balance tasks for older adults with mobility issues •Moderate-vigorous •150 min / wk total

Question 43

Sedentary Behavior Guidelines: | Early Years 0-4 yrs

Answer 43

* avoid sitting or restrained for more than 1h at a time * NO screen time for kids under 2 yrs * kids 2-4 yrs should limit screen time to 1h/day (less is better)

Question 44

``` Sedentary Behavior Guidelines: Children Youth Adults Older Adults ```

Answer 44

•limit screen time to less than 2h / day (The less is better) •limit passive transportation, extended sitting, time indoors