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A&P 2 lecture > me : ch 13/14/15 > Flashcards

me : ch 13/14/15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of changes does the female reproductive system undergo?

A

Cyclic changes

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2
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

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3
Q

What is the first menstruation called?

A

Menarche

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4
Q

What happens at menopause?

A

No more periods because all ovarian follicles are used up

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5
Q

What can these smooth muscles in uterus do?

A

Extend and remain extended for a long time (non-fatigable)

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6
Q

What do the smooth muscles of the uterus have receptors for?

A

Oxytocin

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7
Q

What does oxytocin cause in the uterus?

A

Uterine contractions to expel the baby.

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8
Q

: What does a PAP smear check for?

A

Cancer

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9
Q

What can cervical mucus help determine?

A

where you are in ovulation

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10
Q

What does it mean if cervical mucus has a fern pattern?

A

Estrogen is present, no ovulation.

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11
Q

What does it mean if cervical mucus is cellular and globular with a cellular pattern?

A

Progesterone is present, ovulation has occurred.

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium (peritonium), Myometrium, Endometrium

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13
Q

What is the Myometrium?

A

The thick middle muscular layer that responds to oxytocin causing contractions

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14
Q

What is the Endometrium?

A

The inner layer that is shed during menstruation and is where the fertilized ovum implants.

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15
Q

*What happens during Proliferation of the endometrium?

A

angiogenesis occurs making tissue regenerate and new blood vessels form

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16
Q

What happens if the ligaments supporting the uterus become weak?

A

The uterus can prolapse and become displaced.

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17
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

condition where cells in the peritoneal cavity become endometrial cells that show cyclic changes

Each month, this tissue bleeds like a period, but the blood can’t leave the body, so it causes pain, swelling, and scarring.

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18
Q

Is the vagina acidic or basic? Why?

A

Highly acidic due to lactic acid

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19
Q

What produces lactic acid in the vagina?

A

Glycogen (from uterus) → glucose → pyruvic acid → lactic acid

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20
Q

When is glycogen from the uterus produced and serves as what?

A

During the secretory
food source

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21
Q

What bacteria are found in the vagina that help maintain acidity?

A

Lactobacillus

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22
Q

What does lactobacillus produce?

A

Lactic acid, making vaginal pH about 4.0, which helps prevent bacterial spread

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23
Q

What kind of glands are mammary glands?

A

Modified apocrine (sweat) glands

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24
Q

During pregnancy, which hormone levels are high, and what does that cause?

A

Estrogen levels are high → this increases PIH (Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone) → which prevents prolactin from being secreted (so no milk is made yet).

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25
What happens after parturition (birth)?
Estrogen levels fall, which allows prolactin to trigger milk production
26
What does prolactin do?
Stimulates milk production
27
What does oxytocin do when baby suckles?
Causes milk ejection (letdown reflex)
28
What are BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?
Tumor suppressor genes
29
What happens if BRCA1/2 genes are mutated?
Increased risk of breast cancer
30
What is the estrous cycle?
Reproductive cycle in non-primates (e.g., sheep, dogs); no discharge, female receptive only during breeding season
31
What is the menstrual cycle?
Reproductive cycle in humans and apes; involves discharge/sloughing and cyclic hormonal changes ("waxing and waning")
32
What happens after parturition (birth)?
Estrogen levels fall → PIH levels drop → prolactin is now secreted, allowing milk production to begin.
33
*What are the phases of the uterine cycle and what happens during each?
Menstruation phase (Days 1–5): The start of the cycle when the endometrial lining sheds. Proliferative phase (Days 6–14): The endometrial lining begins to regenerate. Secretory phase (Days 15–28): Glycogen is synthesized in preparation for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.
34
*What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase (Days 10–16): The phase before ovulation where primordial follicles mature. Ovulation (Day 14): A mature Graafian follicle ruptures, releasing a secondary oocyte. Luteal phase (Days 15–28): After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone (thickens endometrium for implantation
35
How many primordial follicles mature, and what happens during ovulation?
About 20 primordial follicles begin maturing. Only 1 Graafian follicle fully matures and ruptures to release a secondary oocyte, causing ovulation.
36
How is the timing of the menstrual cycle determined?
If the egg is released sooner or later than expected, menstruation will typically occur 2 weeks after ovulation (ideally around Day 28). The luteal phase lasts between 11–17 days, and the next menstruation starts around 2 weeks after ovulation.
37
What is the first structure in the ovarian cycle, and how many start to develop each cycle?
Primordial follicles (~20 per cycle), each containing an oogonium (early egg cell) arrested in Meiosis I (prophase I).
38
What forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation, and what does it do?
It becomes the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone to support the endometrium.
39
*What is the zona pellucida and what dissolves it?
Zona pellucida is a protective glycoprotein layer made of hyaluronic acid. It is dissolved by hyaluronidase, an enzyme on the acrosome of the sperm.
40
How is the ovarian cycle hormonally regulated?
Hypothalamus releases GnRH → stimulates FSH & LH from the pituitary FSH: promotes follicular maturation Estrogen: gives negative feedback to GnRH and gonodotropins (FSH/LH) LH: triggers ovulation, surge occurs 36–48 hours before ovulation Corpus luteum/ovaries secretes: progesterone, inhibin, activin, relaxin
41
What happens after ovulation to the remaining follicle cells?
They form the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum is active for 3 months, supported by hCG Then placenta takes over hormone production If no pregnancy: corpus luteum → corpus albicans
42
What is sperm capacitation and where does it occur?
sperm ready to fertalize egg, occurs in fallopian tube
43
oligomenorrhia
cycle too long
44
polymenorrhia
short cyle
45
hypermenorrhea
excess bkeeding
46
hypomenorrhea
less bleeding
47
amenorrhea
no menstration, no bleeding
48
metromenorrhea
irregular cycles
49
*How long is the corpus luteum active if there is no fertilization?
The corpus luteum is active for about 2 weeks if no fertilization occurs.
50
*How long is the corpus luteum active if fertilization occurs?
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum remains active for about 3 months during the first trimester of pregnancy.
51
What takes over progesterone secretion after corpus luteum degeneration during pregnancy?
The placenta takes over the secretion of progesterone for the remaining pregnancy, facilitated by hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) hormone.
52
*What is the role of hCG during pregnancy?
hCG supports the corpus luteum during the early stages of pregnancy by stimulating it to secrete progesterone, which helps maintain the pregnancy. before placenta fully developed to take over progesterone secretion
53
*kallman syndrome
micropenis + mirco testes due to no GnRH
54
organogenisis
completed in 8 weeks, all organe are made very small
55
*how long does implantion take for hcg to become detectable
7-8 days (after fertilization)
56
What are extramembrionic membranes?
do not form organs, located outside of the fetus' body. ex) amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion
57
amnion
fluid filled
58
yolk sac
contains yolk
59
allantois
stores waste
60
*chorion
makes placenta

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