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GIS > Measurement and Spatial Data - Part 1 > Flashcards

Measurement and Spatial Data - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the trend:

Demand for geographic information has outstripped supply

A

Historically, demand for geographic information has outstripped supply.

The need and desire to catalog and present geographic information continues to grow.

As technology becomes more available and user friendly, culturally, GIS has become more and more integrated into our daily lives.

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2
Q

Why is GIS integral to problem solving?

A

Many problems have are geographic in nature, context or consequence.

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3
Q

Classifying Geographic Problems

A

Scale

Purpose

Time-Scale

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4
Q

Geographic problems and SCALE

A

Essential in defining a problem

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5
Q

Geographic problems and PURPOSE

A

often problems or their solutions have a specific purpose, and that purpose is geographic

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6
Q

Geographic problems and TIME-SCALE

A

Often problems have a specific time-scale.

The scale may vary, and/or may include updated information.

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7
Q

MAP

A
  • A map is a representation of what is usually some portion of Earth’s surface as seen from above at a greatly reduced size.
  • A set of symbols recorded in spatial relationship to each other.
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8
Q

Symbols (maps)

A

Symbol position is integral to the message being delivered.

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9
Q

Map Reader role

A

Interprets the relationships between the symbols, deciphering geographic information.

Reading the map’s message, the reader is able to perform/understand spatial operations.

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10
Q

Maps control our

A

Maps control our perception of geographic information.

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11
Q

Information Systems help us… how?

A

They help us manage what we know, making it easier to:

ORGANIZE

STORE AND ACCESS

RETRIEVE, MANIPULATE and ANALYZE

Data, Information and Knowledge.

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12
Q

Information Systems help us to manage what we know, making it easier to organize, store and access, retrieve, manipulate and analyze…..

A

DATA

INFORMATION

KNOWLEDGE

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13
Q

DATA

A

Most mundane form of information (text, symbols, numers), assembled into a database.

The raw material for information.

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14
Q

INFORMATION

A

Essentially: data with meaning. Data that has undergone processing/analysis to make it meaningful in regards to the given topic of interest.

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15
Q

KNOWLEDGE

A

Information being interpreted and understood.

Dependent upon the readers’ experience, expertise and needs.

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16
Q

TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE

A

CODIFIED

TACIT

17
Q

CODIFIED knowledge

A

written and transferred with ease.

18
Q

TACIT knowledge

A

slow to acquire and difficult to transfer.

19
Q

KNOWLEDGE VS. INFORMATION (3)

A

Knowledge:

  1. Entails a “knower”/people.
    Information exists independently.
  2. Is harder to detach from the “knower” than information. Transferring it between people is more difficult than information.
  3. Requires assimilation. We digest it, rather than hold it. We may hold conflicting information, but seldom hold conflicting knowledge.
20
Q

SPATIAL DATA

A

Data that has unique geographic coordinates or spatial identifiers that allow the data to be located in geographic space.

(not limited to Earth’s surface!)

21
Q

Spatial data has

A
  • a known location

- can have attributed aspatial data attached

22
Q

Time (its role in a GIS context)

A

Always plays an implicit role.

23
Q

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (def 1)

A

A system of hardware, software, data, people, organization and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing, and disseminating information about areas of the earth.

24
Q

GIS definition (broken down 6,4)

A

A system of:

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

DATA

PEOPLE

ORGANIZATION

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

  .... for :

COLLECTING

STORING

ANALYZING

DISSEMINATING

25
Q

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (def 2)

A

A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of spatial or geographical data.

26
Q

Information System

A

Integrated set of components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization.

27
Q

How is GIS different from other information systems?

A

Much of the information is spatial and can be analyzed using special spatial analysis algorithms.

28
Q

Tools are created with..

A

Cultural, social and historical context to serve changing needs, tools and also chang their environment.

29
Q

People use GIS to (4)…..

A

MEASURE

REPRESENT

OPERATE

TRANSFORM

30
Q

People use GIS to MEASURE….

A

aspects of geographic phenomena and process

31
Q

People use GIS to REPRESENT….

A

measurements, usually in the form of a computer database, to emphasize spatial themes, entities and relationships.

32
Q

People use GIS to OPERATE….

A

upon representations to produce more measurements and to discovr new relationships by integrating disparate sources

33
Q

People use GIS to TRANSFORM

A

these representations to conform to other frameworks of entities and relationships.

34
Q

Representationalism

A

Refers to the notion that measurement is a connection of numbers with entities that are not numbers.

35
Q

Stevens (1946) of Harvard proposes a framework… which framework is this?

A

Levels of Measurement

36
Q

Levels of Measurement (defined by egan)

A

A group of measurement scales based on the invariance of certain properties.

GIS (13 decks)

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