Measurement Models in Quality of Healthcare

Question 1

What is the definition of quality in healthcare?

Answer 1

The degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge

This definition is based on the IOM, 1990.

Question 2

Why is it important to measure healthcare quality?

Answer 2

To demonstrate whether improvement efforts lead to desired changes, contribute to unintended results, or require additional efforts to maintain acceptable ranges.

Question 3

What are the three quality-of-care dimensions in the Donabedian model?

Answer 3

• Structure
• Process
• Outcomes

Question 4

What does the ‘structure’ dimension in the Donabedian model refer to?

Answer 4

The context in which care is delivered, including facilities, equipment, and qualifications of medical staff.

Question 5

What are process measures in healthcare quality assessment?

Answer 5

Activities done by clinicians/providers to produce better outcomes among service clients.

Question 6

What are outcomes in the context of healthcare quality?

Answer 6

The effects/impact of healthcare on the health status of patients and populations.

Question 7

What are the 5 Ds in historical classification of outcomes?

Answer 7

• Death
• Disease
• Disability
• Discomfort
• Dissatisfaction

Question 8

What are balancing measures?

Answer 8

Measures that reflect unintended and/or wider consequences of change, which can be positive or negative.

Question 9

What is a composite indicator in healthcare quality measurement?

Answer 9

An aggregation of different aspects of quality into one measure to provide a clearer picture of overall quality.

Question 10

What are advantages of structural measures?

Answer 10

• Easy and inexpensive to measure
• Easy to standardize or adjust measurement

Question 11

What are disadvantages of process measures?

Answer 11

• May be incomplete due to poor recording
• May have unclear links to outcomes
• Often too specific

Question 12

What are strengths of outcome indicators?

Answer 12

• High face validity
• Reflect all inputs and processes of care
• Valuable for high-level program analysis

Question 13

What are weaknesses of outcome indicators?

Answer 13

• Affected by factors unrelated to inputs
• Require long time horizons to show results
• Data collection challenges

Question 14

What was the objective of the study assessing diabetes care quality in Southern Ethiopia?

Answer 14

To assess the level of quality of care provided to adult type 2 diabetes patients in public hospitals.

Question 15

What were the main findings regarding adherence to prescribed medicines in the diabetes care study?

Answer 15

Only 24.3% of patients adhered to prescribed medicines.

Question 16

What are the IOM dimensions of quality in health care?

Answer 16

• Safe
• Effective
• Patient-centered
• Timely
• Efficient
• Equitable

Question 17

What does the QIQ model stand for?

Answer 17

Quick Investigation of Quality

Question 18

What is the purpose of the Archimedes model?

Answer 18

To provide decision makers with quantitative information about outcomes from different clinical and administrative policies.

Question 19

What are the four main parts of the Archimedes model?

Answer 19

• Physiological component
• Population model
• Healthcare system model
• Outcomes model

Question 20

What is the role of the physiological component in the Archimedes model?

Answer 20

It represents the physiology of each simulated person and their interactions with diseases and healthcare.

Question 21

What type of analyses can the Archimedes model be used for?

Answer 21

• Evaluating cost-effectiveness
• Designing clinical management tools
• Estimating outcomes for patients

Question 22

Fill in the blank: The Donabedian model was developed in _____

Answer 22

1966

Question 23

True or False: Outcomes in the Donabedian model can be manipulated.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

What are clinical management tools?

Answer 24

Guidelines, performance measures, strategic goals, disease management programs, priorities, and continuous quality improvement programs

These tools are designed for effective clinical management.

Question 25

What is cost-effectiveness analysis in clinical settings?

Answer 25

Evaluating and performing cost-effectiveness analyses of clinical and administrative programs ## Footnote This helps determine the economic viability of healthcare interventions.

Question 26

What does designing and interpreting clinical research involve?

Answer 26

Setting priorities for new trials, planning trials, and estimating outcomes for specific patients ## Footnote This is crucial for advancing medical knowledge and treatment options.

Question 27

What is the importance of data completeness?

Answer 27

Data properly include all patients with no missing cases ## Footnote Completeness ensures that analyses are based on comprehensive data.

Question 28

Define comprehensiveness in the context of data analysis.

Answer 28

Refers to whether the data contain all relevant variables needed for analysis ## Footnote This includes diagnosis codes, laboratory test results, and procedures performed.

Question 29

What does validity mean in data collection?

Answer 29

Means that the data accurately reflect reality and are free of bias and errors ## Footnote Valid data is essential for reliable conclusions.

Question 30

What is timeliness in data availability?

Answer 30

Data are available for use without considerable delay ## Footnote Timely data is critical for effective decision-making.

Question 31

What type of data do administrative data include?

Answer 31

Billing data, routine documentation such as discharge data from hospitals ## Footnote This data often includes patient identifiers and demographic information.

Question 32

What information do medical records contain?

Answer 32

In-depth clinical information, patient’s condition, tests, treatments received, and follow-up care ## Footnote Medical records are vital for understanding a patient's health history.

Question 33

What do disease-specific registers include?

Answer 33

Data on severity of disease at diagnosis, diagnostics and treatment, laboratory tests, patient-reported outcomes ## Footnote These registers help track disease progression and treatment effectiveness.

Question 34

What is a facility audit?

Answer 34

An assessment to determine the readiness of each facility to serve the client ## Footnote It collects information about services provided, supplies in stock, and records kept.

Question 35

What is the purpose of observations in data collection?

Answer 35

To observe client-provider interactions and evaluate the performance of the provider during clinical sessions ## Footnote This helps assess technical competence in counseling and procedures.

Question 36

What do exit interviews aim to gather?

Answer 36

Information about the client's experience at a given health facility ## Footnote They provide insights from the client's perspective.

Question 37

Why are surveys important in healthcare?

Answer 37

They are useful for outcome data and understanding patient experiences with healthcare services ## Footnote Surveys can include generic or disease-specific tools.

Question 38

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 38

Providers may behave differently while under observation ## Footnote This can impact the accuracy of data collected during evaluations.

Question 39

What is inter-observer bias?

Answer 39

Variability in observations made by different observers ## Footnote It can affect the reliability of collected data.

Question 40

What is recall bias?

Answer 40

Bias that occurs during exit interviews when respondents may not accurately remember their experiences ## Footnote This can lead to skewed data results.

Question 41

What is courtesy bias?

Answer 41

Respondents respond positively about services they have received at a facility ## Footnote This can result in misleading evaluations of service quality.

Question 42

How can the effects of biases be minimized?

Answer 42

Through careful appraisal of data sources and methodology used ## Footnote Implementing robust data collection methods can help mitigate these effects.

Question 43

What is the Archimedes Healthcare Simulator?

Answer 43

A tool for improving the quality and efficiency of health care ## Footnote It serves as an analytical model for healthcare decision-making.