Measures of Personality

Question 1

____ ____ measure emotional, social, and personal traits and behaviors and are categorized as either ____ or ____.

Answer 1

Personality Tests; Structured or Projective

Question 2

____ (____) ____ ____ present examinees with multiple-choice questions or other unambiguous stimuli and are often self-report measures.

Answer 2

Structured (Objective) Personality Tests

Question 3

One of the following strategies is usually used to construct a structured personality test: ______________________________________.

Answer 3

Logical Content Method; Theoretical Method; Empirical Criterion Keying; Factor Analysis

Question 4

____ ____: Items are chosen to measure the construct(s) identified by a specific personality theory, and construct validation procedures are used to ensure that the test is consistent with the theory. The ____-____ ____ ____, which was derived from Jung’s personality theory, is an example of this approach.

Answer 4

Theoretical Method; Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 5

____ ____ ____: Proposed test items are administered to appropriate criterion groups, and items that distinguish between groups are included in the test. The ____ ____ ____ ____ (original clinical scales) and the ____ ____ ____ ____ were developed on the basis of empirical criterion keying.

Answer 5

Empirical Criterion Keying; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

Question 6

____ ____: ____ ____ entails administering a large pool of items to a group of examinees, factor analyzing the intercorrelations of items to identify underlying factors (traits), assigning labels to the identified factors, and including items in the test so that each factor is adequately assessed. Factor analysis was used to develop ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ and the ___ ____ ____.

Answer 6

Factor Analysis; Factor Analysis; Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and the NEO Personality Inventory

Question 7

____ ____ ____ ____: The original MMPI was developed as a method for ____ ____ ____, and an ____ ____ ____ strategy was used to construct the test’s original clinical scales. This involved administering many items to eight clinical groups and a control group. The clinical groups consisted of university of Minnesota Hospital inpatients who had received a specific diagnosis (e.g., depression, hysteria), while the control group was made up of hospital visitors, recent high school graduates attending pre-college conferences, and medical patients who had no history of psychiatric problems. Items that discriminated between the clinical and control groups were included in one or more of the test’s ____ ____.

Answer 7

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; Deriving Psychiatric Diagnoses; Empirical Criterion Keying; Clinical Scales

Question 8

____ ____ ____ ____: The original MMPI was developed as a method for ____ ____ ____, and an ____ ____ ____ strategy was used to construct the test’s original clinical scales. This involved administering many items to eight clinical groups and a control group. The clinical groups consisted of university of Minnesota Hospital inpatients who had received a specific diagnosis (e.g., depression, hysteria), while the control group was made up of hospital visitors, recent high school graduates attending pre-college conferences, and medical patients who had no history of psychiatric problems. Items that discriminated between the clinical and control groups were included in one or more of the test’s ____ ____.

Answer 8

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; Deriving Psychiatric Diagnoses; Empirical Criterion Keying; Clinical Scales

Question 9

MMPI/MMPI-2 Clinical Scales

Answer 9

1) Hypochondriasis (Hs); 2) Depression (D); 3) Hysteria (HY); 4) Psychopathic Deviate (Pd); 5) Masculinity-Femininity (Mf); 6) Paranoia (Pa); 7) Psychasthenia (Pt); 8) Schizophrenia (Sc); 9) Hypomania (Ma); 0) Social Introversion (St)

Question 10

In 1989, the first major revision of the MMPI — the ____ — was published. The primary changes were replacement of ____ and ____ items; addition of several ____ ____; and provision of more ____ ____. The MMPI-2 is for individuals aged _ and ____ and, depending on the source, requires a ____ ____ of at least 5th, 6th, or 8th grade.

Answer 10

MMPI-2; Sexist and Outdated; New Scales; Representative Norms; 18 and Older; Reading Level

Question 11

(The publisher lists _ grade as the minimum reading level but other sources indicate a higher minimum level.) Also available are a ____ ____, an adolescent version for individuals ages 14 to 18 (MMPI-A), and a ____-____ ____ for people with limited ____ ____.

Answer 11

5th; Spanish Version; Adolescent Version; Tape-Recorded Version; Literacy Skills

Question 12

The MMPI-2 provides scores on the original clinical and validity scales, additional validity scales, and a number of ____ ____ and ____. While the original clinical scales were developed on the basis of ____ ____ ____, the new content scales (e.g., Anxiety, Obsessiveness, Cynicism) were derived from a ____ (____) ____, which entailed first selecting items on the basis of their ____ and then including in a scale those items that had correlations of _ or ____ with the total scale score and low correlations with total scores on other scales.

Answer 12

Content Scales and Subscales; Empirical Criterion Keying; Rational (Content) Analysis; Content; .50 or Above

Question 13

MMPI-2 Validity Scales (p1)

Answer 13

1) L (Lie); 2) F (Frequency); 3) K (Correction)

Question 14

MMPI-2 Validity Scales (p2)

Answer 14

1) Cannon Say (?); 2) F Back (Fb); 3) Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN); 4) True Response Inconsistency (TRIN); 5) Infrequency-Pathology (Fp)

Question 15

The ____ ____ ____ ____-____ ____ (MMPI-2-RF) is the most recent revision of the MMPI. Its 338 items were derived from the MMPI-2 item pool and it utilizes the MMPI-2 ____ ____.

Answer 15

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form; Standardization Sample

Question 16

As described by the test publisher, the MMPI-2-RF is an ____ (but not a replacement) for the MMPI-2 and can be used to obtain ____ ____ about an examinee and ____ ____ on the MMPI-2’s ____ ____. It provides scores on nine ____ ____ (RC) ____ (e.g., Antisocial Behavior, Dysfunctional Negative Emotions, Hypomanic Activation), eight ____ ____, and a number of additional scales.

Answer 16

Alternative; Additional Information; Clarify Scores; Clinical Scales; Restructured Clinical Scales; Validity Scales

Question 17

____ and ____: Raw scores on each scale are converted to _-____ that have a mean of _ and standard deviation of _; and a T-score of _ or higher on the MMPI-2 is considered ____ ____. Interpretation begins with evaluating the validity of the profile by considering the examinee’s scores on the test’s ____ ____.

Answer 17

Scoring and Interpretation; T-scores; 50; 10; 65; Clinically Significant; Validity Scales

Question 18

When scores on the L, F, and K scales assume a _-____ ____ (elevated L and K Scale scores with a low score on the F Scale), this suggests an attempt to present oneself in a ____ ____ (to “____ ____ “) and has been found to be a common pattern for ____ ____ ____, especially those exhibiting “____ ____ ____.”

Answer 18

V-Shaped Pattern; Favorable Light; Fake Good; Child Custody Litigants; Parental Alienation Syndrome

Question 19

An extremely elevated F scale score with a high value on the F-K index (F minus K greater than +9) suggests ____ ____ (an attempt to “____ ____ “) and has been linked to ____. ____ is also suggested when L and K Scale scores are around _, the F Scale score is ____ ____, and the clinical score profile is “____-____ “ (high and low scores on alternate scales).

Answer 19

Symptom Exaggeration; Fake Bad; Malingering; Malingering; 50; Slightly Elevated; Saw-Toothed

Question 20

A very elevated F Scale score and high scores (T > 65) on ____ or all of the ____ ____ suggests ____ ____ to test items.

Answer 20

Most; Clinical Scales; Random Responding

Question 21

When an examinee answers “____” to all items, L and K Scale scores are below _ and the F Scale score and clinical scale scores on the right side of the profile (Scales 6 through 9) are very elevated. Conversely, when an examinee answers “false” to all items, scores on all three validity scales and clinical scale scores on the left side of the profile (Scales I through 5) are elevated.

Answer 21

True; 50

Question 22

When an examinee’s profile is ____, interpretation then focuses on their clinical scale scores. Although the MMPI was originally developed to facilitate ____ ____, it has proven to be ____ for this purpose, and the test is most commonly used to assess ____ and ____ through ____ ____.

Answer 22

Valid; Differential Diagnosis; Inadequate; Personality and Behavior; Profile Analysis

Question 23

____ ____ ____ have been developed to facilitate profile analysis. ____ ____ use the two highest scale scores to form a code, while more ____ ____ use the highest scores on three or more scales.

Answer 23

Several Coding Systems; Simple Systems; Complex Systems

Question 24

Examples of three-point codes include (a) the “____ ____” or “____ _” which is a code of 1-2-3 with Scale 1 and Scale 3 scores being substantially higher than the Scale 2 score and is associated with somatization of psychological problems, a lack of insight, and chronic pain that has an organic basis, and (b) the “____ ____” or “____ _” which is a code of 6-7-8 with Scale 6 and Scale 8 scores being substantially higher than the Scale 7 score and is associated with delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thought.

Answer 24

Neurotic Triad or Conversion V; Paranoid Valley or Psychotic V

Question 25

____ ____: The standardization sample for the MMPI-2 included l, 138 males and 1,462 females who were ____ ____ from several states and approximated the 1980 U. S. Census in terms of age, gender, race/ethnicity, and social class. One problem with the standardization sample is that a disproportionately large number of people were ____ ____ and only 5% had less than a ____ ____ ____.

Answer 25

Psychometric Properties; Randomly Selected; College Graduates; High School Education

Question 26

Most evidence for the ____ of the MMPI and MMPI-2 comes from studies linking two- and three-point profiles to certain ____ of ____. However, the validity of the individual scales has been questioned because many of the items in the scales ____ and, as a result, scores on a number of scales are ____ ____.

Answer 26

Validity; Patterns of Behavior; Overlap; Highly Correlated

Question 27

Regarding multicultural assessment, as a group, ____ ____ examinees tend to obtain higher or lower scores than White examinees on some scales (e.g., higher scores on the F Scale and Scales 4, 8, and 9) but these differences are not considered ____ ____ by some experts. In addition, there is evidence that the MMPI-2 is appropriate for people from ____ ____ ____ when possible ____ ____ such as socioeconomic status, education, and acculturation are taken into consideration.

Answer 27

African American; Clinically Significant; Culturally Diverse Groups; Confounding Factors

Question 28

The ____ ____ ____ ____ (EPPS) is based on Murray’s personality theory which distinguishes between 15 basic needs (e.g., Achievement, Exhibitionism, Autonomy). The test contains 225 items in which a statement representing one of the 15 needs is paired with a statement representing one of the other 14 needs, and the examinee chooses the statement in each pair that best describes them.

Answer 28

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule

Question 29

The ____-____ format of the EPPS has two consequences: First, since items are paired in terms of ____ ____, the format helps control the tendency of examinees to respond in ____ ____ ways. Second, the test yields ____ ____, which permit a comparison of the relative strengths of the 15 needs within an individual examinee but do not provide information about the ____ ____ of an examinee’s needs.

Answer 29

Forced-Choice; Social Desirability; Socially Desirable; Ipsative Scores; Relative Strengths; Absolute Strengths

Question 30

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (16 PF) was constructed on the basis of factor analysis, which identified 16 primary personality traits (e.g., reserved versus warm-hearted, trusting versus suspicious). One method for interpreting the 16 PF is to compare the examinee’s profile with the profiles associated with ____ ____ (e.g., delinquents, neurotics, workers in various occupations). The most recent version of the test (the Fifth Edition) contains 185 multiple-choice items and provides scores on 16 ____ ____, 5 ____ ____, and ____ ____ ____ (validity) scales.

Answer 30

Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire; Specific Groups; Primary Scales; Global Scales; Three Response Bias

Question 31

The ____ ____ ____ (NEO-PI-3) and its predecessors were developed by Costa and McCrae to assess the ____ ____ ____ ____ — ________________________ — which are each further described in terms of several facets. For example, neuroticism is comprised of anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability to stress. The current version of the test provides a ____ in ____ ____ to help clinicians identify appropriate treatments and monitor treatment progress and a ____ ____ ____ to help clinicians provide feedback to clients.

Answer 31

NEO Personality Inventory-3; Big Five Personality Traits; Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience; Problems in Living Checklist; Style Graph Booklet

Question 32

The original identification of the Big Five traits was based on an ____ ____ ____, which assumes that all socially relevant personality characteristics are encoded in ____. An original list of 18,000 traits was derived by Gordon Allport from the 1925 edition of ____ ____. Factor analysis of these traits by a number of investigators consistently produced the same five ____ ____, although some investigators have given different names to them. For example, openness to experience has also been labeled “____” and “____.”

Answer 32

Atheoretical Lexical Approach; Language; Webster’s Dictionary; Core Factors; Receptivity and Intellect

Question 33

The research has generally confirmed that the five-factor model of personality is ____ ____ ____, although some studies have failed to replicate the ____ to ____ factor in some Asian and other non-Western countries. Also, there are cultural differences in the ____ or ____ of certain ____. For example, in their comparison of the Big Five traits in 10 world regions, Schmitt et al. found that levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness were lowest in ____ ____ nations, while levels of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were highest in ____ nations.

Answer 33

Replicable Across Cultures; Openness to Experience; Strength; Prevalence; Traits; East Asian; African

Question 34

The ____-____ ____ ____ (MBTI) is based on the work of ____ ____ and describes personality in terms of four bipolar dimensions: ____-____ (I, E), ____-____ (S, N), ____-____ (T, F), and ____-____ (J, P).

Answer 34

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator; Carl Jung; Introversion-Extraversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perceiving

Question 35

The MBTI consists of 124 ____-____ ____, and responses are used to classify the examinee in terms of _ ____ ____ that represent varying combination of the ____ ____ (e.g., extraverted-intuitive-feeling-perceiving). The test is often used in career counseling to help individuals choose a ____ ____ or ____ ____. Although research on its validity for these purposes has produced ____ ____.

Answer 35

Forced-Choice Items; 16 Personality Types; Four Dimensions; College Major or Career Path; Mixed Results

Question 36

Although projective personality tests differ in terms of ____, ____, and ____, they all share several characteristics: First, their use assumes that ____ and ____ ____ can elicit ____ ____ about an examinee’s ____ and ____ ____. This assumption is referred to as the ____ ____. Second, projective tests are generally less susceptible than structured tests to “____” and ____ ____. Third, while structured tests typically identify specific ”____” aspects of the personality, projective tests tend to reveal more ____, ____ ____.

Answer 36

Content, Format, and Interpretation; Ambiguous and Unstructured Stimuli; Meaningful Information; Personality and Underlying Conflicts; Projective Hypothesis; Faking; Response Sets; Surface; Unconscious, Global Aspects

Question 37

The ____ ____ ____ grew out of Hermann Rorschach’s belief that the way a person interprets an inkblot reveals something about his or her mental state. It consists of 10 cards, each containing a ____ ____ ____ printed on a ____ background. Five of the inkblots are black and grey, two contain areas of bright red, and three contain several pastel colors. The test can be administered to people ages _ and older.

Answer 37

Rorschach Inkblot Test; Bilaterally Symmetrical Inkblot; White; 2

Question 38

The ____ of the Rorschach ordinarily involves two phases: During the ____ ____ ____, the examiner presents the 10 cards in a prescribed order, asks the examinee to describe what he/she sees, and keeps a verbatim record of the examinee’s responses, remarks, emotional expression, etc. During the subsequent ____ ____, the examiner actively questions the examinee about the features of the inkblot that determined his/her responses in order to facilitate scoring.

Answer 38

Administration; Free Association Phase; Inquiry Phase

Question 39

Scoring and interpretation of the Rorschach is ____, and a number of scoring and interpretation systems are available. Most involve looking at the following ____: Location; Determinants; Form Quality; Content; Popularity/Frequency of Occurrence.

Answer 39

Complex; Categories

Question 40

____: Where in the inkblot the examinee’s perception is located (i.e., the whole blot, a common detail, or an unusual detail).

Answer 40

Location

Question 41

____: What in the inkblot determined the examinee’s response (i.e., the inkblots form, movement, color, and/or shading).

Answer 41

Determinants

Question 42

____ ____: How similar the examinee’s perception is to the actual shape of the inkblot.

Answer 42

Form Quality

Question 43

____: The category the perception falls into (human, animal, or nature).

Answer 43

Content

Question 44

____ /____ of ____: How often a certain inkblot or portion of an inkblot elicits a particular response.

Answer 44

Popularity/Frequency of Occurrence

Question 45

The ____ of an examinee’s responses involves considering the number and ratio of responses falling into each category. For example, a large number of “whole” responses suggests ____, ____ ____; many color responses indicate ____ and ____; use of white spaces suggests ____ ____; and confabulation (overgeneralizing a part of the inkblot to the whole) suggests ____ ____, ____ ____, or ____ ____.

Answer 45

Interpretation; Integrated, Organized Thinking; Emotionally and Impulsivity; Oppositional Tendencies; Brain Damage, Emotional Disturbance, or Intellectual Disability

Question 46

____ ____: Early studies on the Rorschach yielded ____ or ____ data about its reliability and validity. Based on their review of the data, Goldfried, et al. concluded that, while the Rorschach may have sufficient validity to justify its use in ____, its validity for clinical use is ____.

Answer 46

Psychometric Properties; Negative or Inconclusive; Research; Questionable

Question 47

There is evidence that ____ ____ ____ of ____ and ____ is associated with somewhat higher levels of inter-rater reliability and validity than other scoring systems and methods for assessing personality characteristics.

Answer 47

Exner’s Comprehensive System of Scoring and Interpretation

Question 48

Research by Wood and his colleagues provides evidence of the validity of several variables for assessing particular characteristics. As examples, their studies found that form quality, deviant verbalizations, human responses, and the schizophrenia, perceptual thinking, and ego impairment indexes were accurate predictors of ____ and ____ ____ and that developmental quality, organizational activity, complexity, human movement, human responses, form quality, and number of responses were good predictors of ____ ____ ____.

Answer 48

Thought and Psychotic Disorders; Intelligence Test Scores

Question 49

Recent reviews of the literature report reliability coefficients in the .80s and validity coefficients in the low .40s, suggesting that the Rorschach has psychometric properties ____ to other clinical instruments.

Answer 49

Similar

Question 50

Development of the ____ ____ ____ (TAT) was based on Henry ____ ____ of ____. A commonly used version of the test consists of 20 cards, 19 containing vague black-and-white pictures that include one or more human figures and one blank card, with a subset of 8 to 12 cards usually being administered to an examinee. The examinee is asked to ____ ____ a ____ about each picture and to include information about what is happening in the picture, what led up to that situation, how the people feel, and how the story ends.

Answer 50

Thematic Apperception Test; Murray’s Theory of Needs; Make Up a Story

Question 51

Several scoring and interpretation systems are available. Murray’s system involves identifying the story’s “____” and evaluating the intensity, frequency, and duration of ____, ____ ____, ____, and ____ ____ in each story. Studies suggest that the TAT has ____ ____ for assigning specific ____ but may be useful for ____ ____ ____ (e.g., schizophrenia versus neurosis) and as a “____-____” ____ of personality that provides information on such factors as cognitive style, emotional reactivity, and defensive structure.

Answer 51

Hero; Needs, Environmental Press, Thema, and Outcomes Expressed; Little Utility; Diagnoses; Gross Diagnostic Distinctions; “Wide-Band” Measure

Question 52

Structured personality tests present examinees with (l) ____ stimuli and are usually developed on the basis of one of four strategies. One of these strategies is the (2) ____ which involves deriving items on the basis of reason and deductive logic, while another is (3) ____ which involves including items that distinguish between different criterion groups.

Answer 52

(l) unambiguous; (2) logical content method: (3) empirical criterion keying

Question 53

The original MMPI provided scores on ten clinical scales and four validity scales that were designed to assess (4) ____. A high score on the (5) ____ Scale indicates an attempt to present oneself in a favorable light or a lack of insight into one’s own motivation, whereas a high score on the (6) ____ Scale deliberate malingering, eccentricity, or response carelessness. The (7) ____ Scale score is used to correct an examinee’s scores on some of the clinical scales.

Answer 53

(4) test-taking attitudes; (5) L; (6) F; (7) K

Question 54

On the MMPI-2, a T-score of (8) ____ or above is considered clinically significant. interpretation of MMPI scores most often involves (9) ____ analysis, which entails considering the two or more clinical scales with the highest scores. For example, a two-point code of (10) ____ suggests impulsivity, antisocial behavior, narcissism, and substance abuse, while the (11) ____ occurs when Scale 1 and Scale 3 scores are substantially higher than the Scale 2 score and is associated with somatization of psychological problems and a lack of insight.

Answer 54

(8) 65; (9) profile; (10) 49/94; (11) conversion V

Question 55

The (12) ____is based on Murray’s personality theory, which distinguishes between 15 different needs, while the (13) ____ is based on the work of Jung and describes personality in terms of four bipolar dimensions. The NEO-PI-3 assesses the Big Five personality traits — extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and (14) ____. The original identification of traits that contributed to the Big Five was based on an atheoretical (15) ____ approach.

Answer 55

(12) EPPS; (13) MBTI; (14) openness to experience; (15) lexical

Question 56

Administration of the Rorschach ordinarily involves two phases: the (16) ____ phase which is followed by the (17) ____ phase. Scoring and interpretation of the Rorschach is complex but usually involves considering the number and ratio of certain types of responses in the following categories: location, (18) ____, form quality, content, and popularity. For example, a number of (19) ____ responses (overgeneralizing a part of the inkblot to the whole) may suggest brain damage, emotional disturbance, or intellectual disability. Development of the (20) ____ was based on Murray’s theory of needs.

Answer 56

(16) free association; (17) inquiry; (18) determinants; (19) confabulatory; (20 ) TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)