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Geography Paper 2 > Measuring Development 📐 > Flashcards

Measuring Development 📐 Flashcards

1
Q

What is development

A

a positive change that makes things better

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2
Q

Why is development so hard to measure?

A

it includes so many things

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3
Q

What are the ‘measures of development’

A
  • Gross National Income (GNI)
  • GNI per head/capita
  • Birth and death rate
  • Infant mortality rate
  • people per doctor
  • literacy rate
  • access to safe water
  • life expectancy
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4
Q

What is GNI?

A

gross national income
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas. ($$$)

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5
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

the number of babies who die before they are 1 year old, per thousand babies

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6
Q

What are the limitations of using GNI?

A

can be misleading when used on its own as it is an average - variations within a country do not show up

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7
Q

limitations of social indicators when measuring development?

A

when used on their own, as a country develops, some aspects develop before others so a country might seem more developed than it actually is

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8
Q

What is HDI?

A

Human development index

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9
Q

How is HDI calculated?

A

using GNI per head, life expectancy and education level (years of schooling)
every country has a value between 1 and 0 (1=most developed)

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10
Q

What does calculating HDI mean?

A

tells you about a countries economic development and quality of life

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11
Q

How did the world used to be divided?

A

first world (colonies) , second world (independent and diverse), and third world (Countries part of empires) countries

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12
Q

What does DTM stand for?

A

Demographic transition model

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13
Q

What does the DTM show?

A

how birth rates and death rates affect population growth

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14
Q

When would the population grow (DTM)

A

when the birth rate is higher than the death rate - natural increase
natural decrease is opposite

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15
Q

What does stage 1 show on a DTM?

A

least developed - very few places are at this stage now (some tribes in Brazil)
birth rate is high because there’s no contraception
people have lots of children due to high infant mortality rates
death rate is high due to poor healthcare or famine and life expectancy is low

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16
Q

What does stage 2 show on a DTM?

A

not very developed - many LICs in this stage
birth rate is high - economy is agriculture-based so people have lots of kids to work on farms
better healthcare increased life expectancy so death rates fall

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17
Q

What does stage 3 show on a DTM?

A

more developed - most NEEs are at this stage
birth rate falls rapidly as contraceptives are use increases and more women are working instead of having kids
economy changes from farming to manufacturing, so fewer kids are needed on farms
improved healthcare means that the death rate falls and life expectancy increases

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18
Q

What do stages 4+5 show on a DTM?

A

most developed - most HICs are at this stage
birth rates are low - people expect a high standard of living, and may have dependant elderly relatives, so less money available for having kids
healthcare is good, so life expectancy increases and death rate decreases

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19
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A

show the population of a country by age and gender
number of men and women goes on horizontal axes and their age goes on vertical axes

20
Q

What physical factors affect how developed a country is?

A
  • a poor climate
  • poor farming land
  • few raw materials
  • lots of natural disasters
21
Q

Why does having a poor climate mean a country is more likely to be undeveloped?

A

country may not be able to grow anything due to hot/cold/wet/dry weather
people will therefore have fewer crops to sell, so they have less money to spend on goods and services
less is bought and sold, less money from taxes

22
Q

Why does having poor farming land mean a country is more likely to be undeveloped?

A

if land is steep/poor soil/no soil, then it would be difficult to grow crops or graze animals to produce food. same affects as poor climate

23
Q

Why does having few raw materials mean a country is more likely to be undeveloped?

A

fewer things to export (e.g. coal, oil) to other countries
country makes less money, and so aren’t able to spend as much on development
some developing countries have loads of raw materials, but can’t afford the equipment to exploit them

24
Q

Why does having lots of natural disasters mean a country is more likely to be undeveloped?

A

spend a lot of money rebuilding after disasters
natural disasters reduce quality of life of people affected, and reduce the amount of money the government has to spend on development

25
Q

What economic factors cause uneven development?

A
  • poor trade links
  • lots of debt
  • an economy based on primary products
26
Q

Why does having poor trade links cause uneven development?

A

world trade patterns influence a country’s economy and so affect its level of development
poor trade links means it won’t make a lot of money, less to spend on development

27
Q

Why does having lots of debt cause uneven development?

A

poor countries borrow from other countries to help cope with aftermath of disasters
money has to be paid back so less for development

28
Q

Why does having an economy based on primary products cause uneven development?

A

(raw materials such as timber and metal)
countries that export these goods tend to be less developed because primary products are sold for less profit than manufactured goods
prices of primary products also fluctuate

29
Q

What are the historical causes of uneven development?

A

Colonisation
conflict

30
Q

What are the causes of uneven development?

A
  • wealth
  • health
  • international migration
31
Q

How does uneven development lead to wealth consequences?

A

people in developed countries have higher income than those in less developed countries
uneven development can lead to inequality within a country
can impact people’s standards of living - wealthy can afford goods and services that make life more comfortable

32
Q

How does uneven development lead to health consequences?

A

healthcare in developed countries is better than less developed countries
HICs have longer life expectancy
infant mortality is higher in less developed countries
in LICs and NEEs, lack of adequate healthcare can mean that people die from diseases that could be easily treated in HICs

33
Q

How does uneven development lead to international migration consequences?

A

many people migrate from LICs/NEEs to escape conflict or to improve their quality of life
people move in order to get better paid jobs and a higher quality of life
migrant workers contribute to economies of HICs they move to instead of countries they leave with increases the development gap

34
Q

Name the strategies for reducing the development gap

A
  • investment
  • aid
  • fair trade
  • using intermediate technology
  • Microfinance loans
  • industrial development
  • debt relief
35
Q

How can investment reduce the development gap?

A

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is when people/companies in one country buy property or invest in infrastructure in another
FDI leads to better access to finance, technology and expertise, as well as improved infrastructure and industry and increase in services

36
Q

How can aid reduce the development gap?

A

money or resources are given to a country by a charity or foreign government
money is used for development projects
aid can definitely help, but sometimes it is wasted by corrupt governments
once the money runs out, the project has to stop

37
Q

How can fair trade reduce the development gap?

A

about farmers in LICs getting a fair price for the goods they produce, allowing them to support their families
companies who want to label their products as ‘fair trade’ pay producers a fair price
buyers pay extra on top for the product
in some cases, only a tiny proportion of the extra money reaches producers, while the retailers profts

38
Q

How can using intermediate technology reduce the development gap?

A

tools and technology improves the quality of life but are also simple to use, affordable to buy and cheap to maintain (e.g. solar powered LED bulbs) which allows people to work as they need people to maintain the tech

39
Q

How can Microfinance loans reduce the development gap?

A

small loans are given to people in LICs who would not be able to get loans from banks. this enables them to start their own business and become financially independent
it may cause some people to get into debt, it’s also not clear that it can reduce poverty on a large scale

40
Q

How can industrial development reduce the development gap?

A

in countries with a very low level of development, agriculture makes up a large portion of economy
developing industry boosts GNI and development, skills and infrastructure are improved

41
Q

How can debt relief reduce the development gap?

A

debt relief is when some or all of a country’s debt is cancelled, or interest rates are lowered, meaning the country has more to spend on development

42
Q

How has Kenya boosted tourism to their Country?

A
  • visa fees for adults were cut by 50% in 2009, cheaper to visit country, scrapped for under 16s, encourage more families to visit
  • landing fees at airport dropped for charter airlines
43
Q

How much has tourism increased from 1995 to 2017? (KENYA)

A

tourism increased from 0.9 million visitors in 1995 to 1.4 million in 2017

44
Q

What are the benefits of tourism in Kenya?

A
  • contributes to 4% of its GDP, this money can be spent on development and improving quality of life (since 2000 HDI increase from 0.45 —> 0.59)
  • over 1.1million people employed by tourism industry (9% of all employment in Kenya)
  • investment in transport infrastructure to encourage more tourists to visit, benefits locals
  • 24 national parks charge entry fees to tourists (money maintains parks, and protects wildlife)
45
Q

What are the negatives of tourism in Kenya?

A
  • small proportion of money goes to locals (rest goes to big companies in HICs)
  • Maasai communities forced off land to create national parks and reserves
  • tourist vehicles damage environment - destroying vegetation and disturbing animals
  • tourist numbers have fluctuated (terrorist attacks)
  • tourism isn’t a reliable source of jobs and income
46
Q

Why does Kenya attract tourists?

A

Culture, wildlife, warm climate, unspoilt scenery

Geography Paper 2 (16 decks)

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