Measuring Development ๐ Flashcards
What is development
a positive change that makes things better
Why is development so hard to measure?
it includes so many things
What are the โmeasures of developmentโ
- Gross National Income (GNI)
- GNI per head/capita
- Birth and death rate
- Infant mortality rate
- people per doctor
- literacy rate
- access to safe water
- life expectancy
What is GNI?
gross national income
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas. ($$$)
What is infant mortality rate?
the number of babies who die before they are 1 year old, per thousand babies
What are the limitations of using GNI?
can be misleading when used on its own as it is an average - variations within a country do not show up
limitations of social indicators when measuring development?
when used on their own, as a country develops, some aspects develop before others so a country might seem more developed than it actually is
What is HDI?
Human development index
How is HDI calculated?
using GNI per head, life expectancy and education level (years of schooling)
every country has a value between 1 and 0 (1=most developed)
What does calculating HDI mean?
tells you about a countries economic development and quality of life
How did the world used to be divided?
first world (colonies) , second world (independent and diverse), and third world (Countries part of empires) countries
What does DTM stand for?
Demographic transition model
What does the DTM show?
how birth rates and death rates affect population growth
When would the population grow (DTM)
when the birth rate is higher than the death rate - natural increase
natural decrease is opposite
What does stage 1 show on a DTM?
least developed - very few places are at this stage now (some tribes in Brazil)
birth rate is high because thereโs no contraception
people have lots of children due to high infant mortality rates
death rate is high due to poor healthcare or famine and life expectancy is low
What does stage 2 show on a DTM?
not very developed - many LICs in this stage
birth rate is high - economy is agriculture-based so people have lots of kids to work on farms
better healthcare increased life expectancy so death rates fall
What does stage 3 show on a DTM?
more developed - most NEEs are at this stage
birth rate falls rapidly as contraceptives are use increases and more women are working instead of having kids
economy changes from farming to manufacturing, so fewer kids are needed on farms
improved healthcare means that the death rate falls and life expectancy increases
What do stages 4+5 show on a DTM?
most developed - most HICs are at this stage
birth rates are low - people expect a high standard of living, and may have dependant elderly relatives, so less money available for having kids
healthcare is good, so life expectancy increases and death rate decreases
What is a population pyramid?
show the population of a country by age and gender
number of men and women goes on horizontal axes and their age goes on vertical axes
What physical factors affect how developed a country is?
- a poor climate
- poor farming land
- few raw materials
- lots of natural disasters
Why does having a poor climate mean a country is more likely to be undeveloped?
country may not be able to grow anything due to hot/cold/wet/dry weather
people will therefore have fewer crops to sell, so they have less money to spend on goods and services
less is bought and sold, less money from taxes
Why does having poor farming land mean a country is more likely to be undeveloped?
if land is steep/poor soil/no soil, then it would be difficult to grow crops or graze animals to produce food. same affects as poor climate
Why does having few raw materials mean a country is more likely to be undeveloped?
fewer things to export (e.g. coal, oil) to other countries
country makes less money, and so arenโt able to spend as much on development
some developing countries have loads of raw materials, but canโt afford the equipment to exploit them
Why does having lots of natural disasters mean a country is more likely to be undeveloped?
spend a lot of money rebuilding after disasters
natural disasters reduce quality of life of people affected, and reduce the amount of money the government has to spend on development
