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perception midterm 1 > measuring perception > Flashcards

measuring perception Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Perception

A

the way we interpret stimuli

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2
Q

what sense do we have

A
  • sight
  • taste
  • touch
  • smell
  • pain
  • temperature
  • balance
  • proprioception
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3
Q

joahannes Muller (1801-1858)

A

doctrine of specific nerve energies: the nature of a sensation depends on which neurons are active and now one how the neurons are stimulated

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4
Q

Charles Sherrington

A
  • 1857 - 1952
  • neurons are not physically connected but work in networks
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5
Q

wilder penfield

A
  • 1891- 1976
  • stimulating neurons in certain regions of the brain lead to patients feeling sensations of touches on their body
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6
Q

Horace barlow

A
  • 1921-
  • neuron doctrine: perception depends on a combination of specialized neurons, each selective for a particular stimulus attribute
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7
Q

brain modularity

A

the human mind and brain has a set of distinct modules which each carry out one or more specific functions
- sensory modalities have primary receiving areas

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8
Q

polysensory

A

some area of the brain take in information from several senses combined

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9
Q

Herman von helmholtz

A
  • 1821 - 1894
  • invented the opthalmoscope which lets you look at back of eyeball
  • said that behavior was explained by only physical forces
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10
Q

Santiago Ramon y cajal

A
  • 1852- 1934
  • created first detailed drawing of neurons
  • discovered the synapse
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11
Q

action potential

A

electrochemical signal that travels through the neuron

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12
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in electrical potential across the cell membrane due to differences in concetration of ions in and out of the cell

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13
Q

resting potential

A

the membrane potential when a neuron is at rest (-70mV)

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14
Q

firing rate

A

the rate at which a neuron produces action potentials
- expressed in terms of action potentials (spikes) per second

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15
Q

baseline firing rate

A

a neurons low rate of spontaneous firing at failry random intervals in the absence of any stimulus
- a stimulus must reach a minimun level of intensity to ivoke a firing rate above the baseline rate

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16
Q

refractory period

A
  • after an action potential, there is brief period during which no new action potential can be initiated
  • its an upper limit to the action potentials per second we can perceive
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17
Q

distal stimulus

A

the small subset of stimuli that we attend to
- aka attended stimulus

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18
Q

top down knowledge

A
  • existing knowledge
  • knowledge, expectaton and goals which can affect perception
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19
Q

bottom up information

A

information contained in neural signals from receptors

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20
Q

functional neuroimaging

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A

an array of techniques used for measuring brain activity in healthy volunteers carrying out cerefully designed tasks

21
Q

EEG

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A

using many electrodes on the scalp, it measures electrical activity from populations of many neurons in the brain
- good temporal resolution but low spatial resolution
- based on electrical fields associated with brain activity

22
Q

Event related potential

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A

a measure of electrical activity from a subpopulation of neurons in response to particular stimuli that require averaging manu EEG recordings

23
Q

visually evoked potentials (VEp)

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A

a measure of electrical activity from a sub population of visual neurons in response to a visual stimulus

24
Q

MEG

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A

a technique similar to EEG that measures changes in magnetic activity across populations of many neurons in the brain
- good temporal but low spatial

25
PET
- measures changes in blood flow which measure underlying neural activity - uses an introduction of radioactive substance into the blood
26
fMRI
functional neuroimaging technique based on a measurement of the changes in blood oxygenation associated with brain activity. - it relies on production of magnetic fields in the brain - high spatial resolution but low temporal
27
CT
- brain imaging technique - uses x-rays to create images of slices
28
MRI
- brain imaging technique that uses the response of atoms to strong magnetic fields to form images of structures like the brain - good spatial precision
29
FNIRS
- look at blood flow changing at thr surface - shines an infared light inside through scalp to see how much blood is being used in areas of cortex - cant detect things deep in brain but good temporal resolution
30
Gustav Fechner
invented psychophysics - 1801-1887
31
psychophysics
science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological (subjective) events
32
Absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
33
method of adjustment
a psychophysical method where a participants observes a stimulus and manipulates a control that directly adjust the intensity until it cannot be detected - quick and dirty - simple (less accurate)
34
method of constant stimuli
psychophysical method where a participant is repeatedly presented with a fixed set of stimuli in random order and they must indicate whether or not each one was detected - simple and accurate but not efficient
35
staircase method
psychophysical method where participant is presented with a stimulus and indicates whether it was detectedand based on that the next stimuli will be a step up or down from that - efficient - more accurate than adjustment
36
Just noticeable difference
the minimum difference between two stimuli that allows an observer to perceive that the two stimuli are different - involves comparing two stimuli - a steep function represents a small JND
37
Weber's law
a statement of the relationship between the intensity of a standard stimulus and the size of the JND - JND=kl
38
psychophysical scaling
the process of measuring how changes in stimulus intensity relate to changes in perceived intensity
39
Fechner's law
a variant of weber's law that describes the relationship between the perceived intensity of a stimulus as it changes in cmparsion to the natural log ratio of the physical intensity - S=klnl/lo
40
Steven's law
- webr's law was good for brightness and loudness but it didn't account for other's like electric shock and line length - S=cl^n - power law
41
Signal detection theory
a psychophysical theory that distinguishes between the ability to detect a stimuus and the willingness to report it. - considers the decision making process of people
42
42
outcomes of a signal detection experiment
1. hit: correct response 2. miss: didnt hear present stimulus 3. false alarm: not really there but heard 4. correct rejection
43
receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
the plot of the hit rate as a function of the false alarm rate. - different stimuli have different ROCs
44
noise
random variation in the neural code
45
chance performnce
- 45 degree line that is refer to when false alarm = hit rate
46
sensitivity
- the value that defines the eae with which a observer can tell whether a stimulus is there or not or the JND
47
criterion
an internal threshold set by the observer. - includes their bias

perception midterm 1 (3 decks)

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