Mechanical Ventilation

Question 1

What is Tidal Volume?

Answer 1

Tidal Volume (Vt) is the volume o air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath.

Average: 7 - 8 ml/kg

Question 2

What is Minute Ventilation?

Answer 2

Minute Ventilation (Ve) is the amount of air expired per minute

Formula: RR + TV

Average: +/- 100mL/kg/min of Ideal Body Weight (IBW)

Question 3

______ is the volume o air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath.

Answer 3

Tidal Volume (Vt) is the volume o air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath.

Average: 7 - 8 ml/kg

Question 4

__________ is the volume measured air returned from a ventilated patient

should closely match Tidal Volume (Vt)

Answer 4

Exhaled Tidal Volume (Vte) is the volume measured air returned from a ventilated patient

should closely match Tidal Volume (Vt)

Question 5

What in Functional Residual Capacity?

Answer 5

Functional Residual Capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a standard expiration.

Formula: rV + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

+/- 2L in an adult

Question 6

________ is the amount of air forced out of the lungs after a maximal respiration.

Average: 4.6 4.8 Liters

Answer 6

Vital Capacity (VC) is the amount of air forced out of the lungs after a maximal respiration.

Average: 4.6 4.8 Liters

Question 7

A patient with the inability to maintain an inspiratory force of -20 cmH20 is a candidate for:

Answer 7

Mechanical Ventilation

Question 8

_______ is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.

Answer 8

Residual Volume (rV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.

Average: +/- 1L in an adult

Question 9

________ is the volume of air that is involved in alveolar gas exchange

Average: 350 mL

Answer 9

Alveolar Ventilation (Va) is the volume of air that is involved in alveolar gas exchange

Average: 350 mL

Question 10

Which ventilator uses small Vt (1 - 3 mL/kg)?

Answer 10

High Frequency Ventilators

** uses frequencies of > 100 BPM **

Question 11

What is the normal range value for the BiPAP Pressure Support (PS)?

Answer 11

Pressure Support (PS) = Ventilation

5 - 20 cmH2O

Question 12

What is the definition of Controlled Mandatory Ventilation mode?

Answer 12

Controlled Mandatory Ventilation (CMV) mode

Preset volume delivered at a preset rate

** ex: 400 mL breaths at a rate of 12 per minute **

Question 13

Which Positive Pressure Ventilator terminates the inspiratory phase after a preset time?

Answer 13

Time - Cycle Ventilators terminate the inspiratory phase after a preset time.

Question 14

What is the normal range value for the BiPAP PEEP?

Answer 14

PEEP - Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

2 - 20 cmH2O

Question 15

What are the three variables of Positive Pressure Ventilators?

Answer 15

1. Trigger - Patient (flow) triggered
2. Target/Limit - Pressure, flow, or volume limited
3. Cycle - Terminates the breath

Question 16

What is Residual Volume?

Answer 16

Residual Volume (rV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.

Average: +/- 1L in an adult

Question 17

What is the primary difference between BiPAP and CPAP?

Answer 17

BiPAP provides inspiratory pressure support and therefore is considered to be a mode of ventilation.

• ** Inhalation Positive Airway Pressure (iPAP)***
• ** Exhalation Positive Airway Pressure (ePAP)***

Question 18

What does increased lung compliance indicate?

Answer 18

Increased lung compliance indicates that the lungs are MORE receptive to a mechanical breath.

= lower airway pressures

Question 19

______ provides pressure to maintain open airways during exhalations, enhancing oxygenation.

Answer 19

Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure (ePAP)

Question 20

What is Alveolar Ventilation?

Answer 20

Alveolar Ventilation (Va) is the volume of air that is involved in alveolar gas exchange

Average: 350 mL

Question 21

________ is the measure of expandability of the lungs and thorax.

Answer 21

Lung compliance is the measure of expandability of the lungs and thorax.

Question 22

___________ accomplishes oxygenation by the diffusion of oxygen and CO2 from high to low gradients of concentration.

Answer 22

High Frequency Ventilators accomplishes oxygenation by the diffusion of oxygen and CO2 from high to low gradients of concentration.

Question 23

________ is the amount of air expired per minute

Formula: RR + TV

Average: +/- 100mL/kg/min of Ideal Body Weight (IBW)

Answer 23

Minute Ventilation (Ve) is the amount of air expired per minute

Formula: RR + TV

Average: +/- 100mL/kg/min of Ideal Body Weight (IBW)

Question 24

In which ventilation mode does the patient NOT have any control over respiration and is essentially “locked out” from triggering a breath?

Answer 24

Controlled Mandatory Ventilation (CMV) mode

** Patient has no active role in the ventilation cycle **

Question 25

Which Positive Pressure Ventilator delivers a preset volume of gas (mL or L) over time?

Answer 25

Volume - Cycle Ventilators deliver a preset volume of gas (mL or L) over time.

Question 26

What is airway resistance?

Answer 26

Airway resistance is the opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction. ***ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow***

Question 27

What is lung compliance?

Answer 27

Lung compliance is the measure of expandability of the lungs and thorax.

Question 28

________ is the volume of air that remains in the conductive region. Average: +/- 150 mL

Answer 28

Anatomical Dead Space is the volume of air that remains in the conductive region. Average: +/- 150 mL

Question 29

What is Anatomical Dead Space?

Answer 29

Anatomical Dead Space is the volume of air that remains in the conductive region. Average: +/- 150 mL

Question 30

What are the four main goals of mechanical ventilation?

Answer 30

1. Maintain adequate PaO2 and PaCO2 2. Return arterial blood gases to acceptable levels for the patient. 3. Improve ventilation to meet existing clinical demands 4. Decrease work of breathing

Question 31

What is Vital Capacity?

Answer 31

Vital Capacity (VC) is the amount of air forced out of the lungs after a maximal respiration. Average: 4.6 4.8 Liters

Question 32

What is Exhaled Tidal Volume?

Answer 32

Exhaled Tidal Volume (Vte) is the volume measured air returned from a ventilated patient ***should closely match Tidal Volume (Vt)***

Question 33

What is the most commonly used ventilation mode utilized?

Answer 33

Assist Control (AC) mode

Question 34

Which variable of Positive Pressure Ventilator is: 1. Patient initiated 2. Will initiate a breath for the patient after a preset time

Answer 34

Trigger (Patient Triggered / Flow Trigger) Positive Pressure Ventilators

Question 35

What is Total Lung Capacity?

Answer 35

Total Lung Capacity is the volume of air that the lungs can hold with maximal inspiration. Average: 5500 - 6000 mL (ENTIRE LUNG!)

Question 36

______ is the volume of air that the lungs can hold with maximal inspiration.

Answer 36

Total Lung Capacity is the volume of air that the lungs can hold with maximal inspiration. Average: 5500 - 6000 mL (ENTIRE LUNG!)

Question 37

What is Physiological Dead Space?

Answer 37

Physiological Dead Space (Vd) is the Anatomical Dead Space and the Alveolar Dead Space. Average: Total conducting airway dead space - 150 mg

Question 38

Is CPAP a true mode of ventilation?

Answer 38

No, CPAP a true mode of ventilation as it does NOT provide additional pressure during inspiration.

Question 39

What does decreased lung compliance indicate?

Answer 39

Decreased lung compliance indicates that the lungs are LESS receptive to a mechanical breath. = Higher airway pressures (Sign of ARDS)

Question 40

What is a major advantage of Time - Cycle Ventilators?

Answer 40

The provider can precisely control the inspiratory time and inspiratory:expiratory (I:E) ratio.