Mechanical Ventilation

Question 1

Mechanical ventilators require a power source to function, and they can be classified based on the type of input power they use: pneumatic, electric, or a combination of both (pneumatic- electric).

Answer 1

Input

Question 2

operate solely on compressed gas, typically oxygen or air. They do not require electricity to function, which makes them particularly useful in situations where electricity is not available or during transport.

Answer 2

Pneumatic

Question 3

operate using electrical
power from a battery or an external power supply.

Answer 3

Electric

Question 4

These ventilators use a combination of compressed gas (pneumatic) and electrical power.

Answer 4

Pneumatic-Electric

Question 5

• refers to the method by which the ventilator generates the force needed to deliver breaths to the patient.
• include _____, _____, and _______, each offering distinct
  advantages and working principles.

Answer 5

• Drive Mechanism
• pistons, bellows, microprocessors

Question 6

• use a motor-driven piston to generate the pressure required to deliver gas to the patient’s lungs.
• use motor-driven piston for pressure generation.

Answer 6

Piston Driven

Question 7

use a bellows to deliver breaths. The bellows is compressed by a ______ or __________, pushing the gas into the patient’s lungs.

Answer 7

• Bellow-Driven
• mechanical or pneumatic force

Question 8

• use advanced electronic systems to control the ventilator’s functions. The microprocessor, a small computer within the ventilator, processes input data from sensors and adjusts the ventilator’s operation accordingly.

Answer 8

Microprocessors- Controlled

Question 10

determines how the ventilator’s operations are regulated and adjusted to meet the patient’s respiratory needs.

Answer 10

Control circuit

Question 11

Involves physical components such as ____, ____, and ____ to control the ventilator’s operation.

Answer 11

• Mechanical
• cam, levels, and springs

Question 12

Utilizes compressed gas to operate the
ventilator. Pressure and flow are controlled by ____ and ______ within the system.

Answer 12

• Pneumatic
• valves and diaphragm

Question 13

Utilizes the principles of fluid dynamics to control the ventilator’s functions. This involves no moving parts, relying instead on ____ and _____ to regulate the system.

Answer 13

• Fluidic
• fluid jets and streams

Question 14

Employs electrical components like ____, ____, and switches to control the ventilator’s functions. These circuits provide the power necessary for mechanical movement within the ventilator.

Answer 14

• Electric
  _ motors and solenoids

Question 15

Involves advanced electronic components like ______, ______, and transistors to manage and control the ventilator’s operation. These circuits provide precise control and monitoring of ventilation parameters.

Answer 15

• Electronic
• sensors, microprocessors

Question 16

• Refer to the parameters that control the transitions between the different phases of the respiratory cycle.
• What are the 4 distinct phases ?

Answer 16

• Phase Variables
• Trigger, control, cycle, expiration

Question 17

• change form expiration to inspiration
• determines when the
  ventilator switches from expiration to
  inspiration.
• determines when inspiration begins
• ensures that the ventilator delivers a breath either based on ______ or _______.

Answer 17

• Trigger
• Px’s effort or pre determined ventilatory settings.

Question 18

The ventilator initiates
inspiration based on a set respiratory rate or time interval.
- initiates breaths on a set RR.
- it is commonly used in _______.

Answer 18

• Time trigger
• full controlled ventilation

Question 19

• The ventilator initiates
  inspiration when it detects a patient’s effort, causing a slight drop in airway pressure.
• initiates breath when px generates small negative effort.
• commonly used in _________ or ______.

Answer 19

• Pressure Trigger
• spontaneous breathing modes or assist control ventilation

Question 20

• The ventilator detects a change in the flow rate in the circuit and initiates inspiration.
• commonly use in ______ and is preferred over ________ due to its ________ and _______.

Answer 20

• Flow Trigger
• modern ventilators
• pressure trigger
• greater sensitivity and quicker response

Question 21

• This trigger initiates inspiration based on a change in volume due to patient effort.
• it is less commonly used and typically found in _____.

Answer 21

• Volume Trigger
• older models of ventilator

Question 22

it can be adjusted to make it easier/harder for the px to initiate a breath.

Answer 22

Trigger sensitivity

Question 23

• it can cause auto-triggering, where the ventilator deliver breaths w/o the true patient effort. (ex: ______, ____, _____.

Answer 23

• Too sensitive
• due to motion, leaks, circuit noise

Question 24

the patient may have to work harder to trigger a breath, which may lead to discomfort and increase work of breathing.

Answer 24

Not sensitive enough

Question 25

- controls the inspiratory phase of the ventilatory cycle, including the delivery of gas to the patient.

Answer 25

Limit Phase Variable

Question 26

- The ventilator limits the pressure during inspiration to a preset value, maintaining constant pressure but varying volume. - Ex: _________ - a mode where pressure is the limiting factor. Note: Pressure limit does not terminate the breath, it simply limits how high the pressure can go during inspiration.

Answer 26

- Pressure limit - Pressure controlled ventilation

Question 27

- The ventilator delivers a preset tidal volume during inspiration, maintaining consistent volume but allowing pressure to vary. - Ex: _______

Answer 27

- Volume limit - volume controlled ventilation

Question 28

- The ventilator limits the flow rate during inspiration, affecting how quickly the tidal volume is delivered. - Ex: ______

Answer 28

- Flow limit - volume control mode

Question 29

- inspiration lasts for a set period regardless of pressure or volume. - the ventilator limits the duration of inspiration based on a preset time. Ex:______

Answer 29

- Time Limit Pressure controlled mode

Question 30

- This phase variable determines when the ventilator switches from the inspiratory phase to the expiratory phase. - determine when the inspiration ends - change form inspiration to expiration.

Answer 30

Cycle Phase Variable

Question 31

- The ventilator ends the inspiratory phase after a set time has elapsed. - Clinical use in patients requiring control over inspiratory time, such as ________, where pressure control is critical. Ex: ______

Answer 31

- Time cycled ventilation - COPD - Pressure controlled ventilation

Question 32

- The ventilator ends inspiration after a preset tidal volume has been delivered. - Clinical use in px who require precise control over tidal volume. - _______ are already hyperinflated due to air trapping. Ex: ______

Answer 32

- Volume Cycle ventilation - COPD - Volume controlled ventilation

Question 33

- The ventilator ends inspiration when a preset pressure is reached. - Clinical use: this may be used in situations where it is important to avoid high pressure. ex: ARDS- lungs are already stiff and fragile high pressure will cause ______. Ex: ______

Answer 33

- Pressure cycled ventilation - VILU/Barotrauma - Pressure controlled ventilation

Question 34

- The ventilator ends inspiration when the flow rate decreases to a preset percentage of the peak inspiratory flow. - Clinical use___ Ex: ______

Answer 34

- Flow cycled ventilation - Spontaneous breathing - older form of pressure controlled ventilation

Question 35

- This phase variable represents the expiratory phase, during which the ventilator allows the patient to exhale. - refers to phase of respiratory cycle where air is expelled in the lungs.

Answer 35

Expiration

Question 36

- ventilator determine how the ventilator delivers breaths to the patient. - refers to the parameter that ventilator directly controls during the inspiratory phase

Answer 36

Control Variable

Question 37

- The ventilator delivers a preset tidal volume to the patient during each breath, regardless of the pressure required to achieve that volume. - Ex: mode:______

Answer 37

- Volume control - VC-CMV

Question 38

- The ventilator delivers breaths to achieve a preset pressure, maintaining this pressure throughout inspiration. Ex: Mode: _______

Answer 38

- Pressure control - PC-CMV

Question 39

- refers to the ventilator's ability to regulate the flow rate of gas delivered to the patient during inspiration. Ex: Mode: _____

Answer 39

- Flow Control - VC mode

Question 40

- the duration of inspiration is set, and the ventilator adjusts other parameters to achieve the desired outcome within this set time. Ex: Mode: ______

Answer 40

- Time control - HFOV