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Mechanics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of pressure

A

force per unit area

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2
Q

P=

A

F/A

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3
Q

P

A

pressure

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4
Q

F

A

force

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5
Q

A

A

area

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6
Q

unit for pressure

A

N/m cubed = pascals

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7
Q

if an object is immersed in a liquid

A

it will experience a pressure due to the liquid

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8
Q

what does the pressure in a liquid depend on 3

A

depth below the surface (h)
density of the liquid (p)
acceleration due to gravity (g)

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9
Q

h

A

depth below the surface

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10
Q

p

A

density of the liquid

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11
Q

g

A

acceleration due to gravity

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12
Q

explain atmospheric pressure

A

the earth is surrounded by gases. these gases are attracted to the earth by the pull of gravity. these gases therefore exert a force on the earth and all objects near the earth, This force puts a pressure on all the objects

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13
Q

the average value of atmospheric pressure at sea level

A

1 x 10 to the 5 Pa

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14
Q

Pa stands for

A

pascals

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15
Q

what is used to measure atmospheric pressure

A

a barometer

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16
Q

as you rise above sea level

A

atmospheric pressure decreases

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17
Q

what is the name of the experiment to show atmospheric pressure

A

the collapsing can experiment

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18
Q

experiment to show atmospheric pressure

A

put a small amount of water into a metal can and boil this water with a bunsen burner
as the can fills with steam the air is driven out of the can
turn off the burner and put a tightly fitting lid on the can
the steam condenses back to water leaving a partial vacuum in the can
the can is crushed as the outside atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure inside the can

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19
Q

the bends - explain

A

the predominant gas in normal air is nitrogen. if diving deep below the water surface the very high pressure causes too much nitrogen to dissolve in the blood. if the diver returns to the surface to quickly this nitrogen can form bubbles in the blood. this blocks air getting to the brain. a slow and gradual return to the surface avoids this

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20
Q

is pressure a vector or a scalar quantity

A

a scalar quantity

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21
Q

density =

A

mass/volume

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22
Q

p =

A

m/v

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23
Q

archimedes principle

A

when an object is immersed in a fluid it will experience an upthrust equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced

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24
Q

law of floatation

A

when an object floats, the weight of the object equals the weight of the fluid displaced

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25
what measures the density of a liquid
a hydrometer
26
what indicates the alcohol content of beer and wine
its density
27
what indicates the cream content of milk
its density
28
when an object is suspended below the surface of water | upthrust =
upward force on bottom - downward force on top
29
if the upthrust is greater than the weight
the object floats
30
if the upthrust is small than the weight
the object sinks
31
Boyle's law
for a fixed mass of gas at a fixed temperature, the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to the volume of gas
32
boyles law in maths
p ∝ 1/V
33
p = (boyles law)
k x 1/V
34
p x V =
k1
35
p1 x V1 =
p2 xV2
36
why can we say that p1 x V1 = p2 x V2
because pressure multiplied by volume is constant
37
when do you use p1 x V1 = p2 x V2
when you have 2 volumes and pressures or if it changed
38
Moment of a force
how much of a spin that a force will cause
39
definition of moment of a force
M = F x d
40
M
moment of a force
41
F
force
42
d
perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis
43
3 qualifications to be a couple
parallel but acting in opposite directions equal in magnitude do not meet 'head on'
44
what does the moment of a couple tell you
how much of a spin the couple will cause (Torque)
45
Definition of moment of a couple
T = F x d
46
T
moment of a couple
47
F
force
48
d
perpendicular distance between the lines of action
49
unit of moment of a couple
Nm
50
Lever
a simple machine consisting of a rigid body which is free to rotate about a fixed point called an axis or fulcrum
51
what can a lever be used for
to amplify a force
52
Laws of equilibrium
a body is in equilibrium if i) the vector sum of the forces in any direction on the body is zero ii) the sum of the moment of the forces about any point on the body is zero
53
what does it mean if the the vector sum of the forces in any direction on the body is zero
the forces acting on the body combine together to give no motion or to give uniform motion. we take this to mean no motion
54
what does it mean that the sum of the moment of the forces about any point on the body is zero
the forces acting on the body result in no rotation or that body rotates uniformly. we take this as no rotation
55
where can you assume the centre of gravity of a metre stick
50cm in (half way)
56
equations if a body is in equilibrium
upward forces = downward forces | moment clockwise = moment anticlockwise
57
2 ways to measure angles
degrees | radians
58
angle in radians =
arc length / radius length
59
theta =
s/r
60
to convert from degrees to radians
360 º = 2 pi radians
61
w =
theta/t
62
w
angular velocity
63
theta
change in angular displacement
64
t
time taken for change
65
is angular velocity a vector or scalar quantity
vector
66
derive the relationship between angular and linear velocity
``` w = θ/t = s/rt = (1/r)(s/t) = v/r rw = v ```
67
Periodic time
the time taken to complete one full circular motion
68
full circular motion
θ = 2 π radians
69
(period) w =
2 π/T
70
T =
2 π/ w
71
how do objects moving with circular motion have a constant speed but continuously accelerate
because of their change in direction
72
which direction is acceleration in circular motion
towards the middle
73
name for acceleration in circular motion
centripetal acceleration
74
2 formula for centripetal acceleration
v squared over r | w squared r
75
what is centripetal force needed for?
to keep an object in circular motion
76
equations for centripetal force
``` F = mv squared / r F = m w squared r ```
77
definition of centripetal force
the force acting towards the centre of the circle for an object undergoing circular motion
78
questions with horizontal circular motion
ignore gravity
79
how to do questions with vertical circular motion
ON TOP T + mg = mv squared / r ON THE BOTTOM T - mg = mv squared / r
80
Newton's law of universal gravitation
any 2 point masses in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
81
Newton's law of universal gravitation in maths
F = Gm1m2 / d squared
82
F
force
83
G
gravitational constant
84
relationship between periodic time and radius of a satellite
T squared is proportional to R cubed
85
derive that T squared is proportional to R cubed
``` GMm/ r squared = m R w squared GM/r squared = R (2π/T) squared GM = R cubed (4π squared/T squared ) T squared = R cubed 4π squared/ GM T squared ∝ R cubed ```
86
Geostationary satellite
gives the illusion of being stationary above a particular point on the Earth. To an observer on Earth it always seems to be at the same place
87
3 things a satellite must have to be geostationary
orbit the earth in the equatorial plane have the same rotational period as the earth (24h) move in the same direction as the earth
88
what are geostationary satellites used for
communication satellites
89
is the radius of the earth the radius of a geostationary satellite?
no
90
to get the mathematical expression for the speed of a satellite
GMm/R squared = mv squared / R
91
some examples of SHM
weight vibrating on the end of a sping pendulum bob swinging through a small angle vibrating tuning fork vibrating stretched string
92
Definition of Simple Harmonic Motion
The motion of an object whose acceleration is proportional to its displacement from a fixed point. The direction of acceleration is opposite to the direction of displacement
93
maths for SHM
a = -w squared s
94
a
acceleration
95
s
displacement
96
w
constant of proportionality
97
2 equations for T
T = 1/f T= 2pi/w
98
Hookes law (ALWAYS WORDS)
if an object is stretched or compressed the restoring force us directly proportional to the displacement if you stay within the elastic limit of the object
99
maths for hookes law
F is proportional to s | F=-ks
100
minus sign in hooke's law means
the direction of the restoring force acts in the opposite direction to the displacement
101
maths for a system that obeys hooke's law and moves with SHM
w squared = k/m

Physics (11 decks)

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