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Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are Scalar Quantities?

A

Scalar quantities have MAGNITUDE ONLY

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2
Q

What are Vector Quantities?

A

Vector quantities have MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION

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3
Q

What is magnitude?

A

Magnitude represents the size or extent of something, so scalar and vector quantities both indicate the size of them

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4
Q

How can Vector quantities be represented?

A

Through an ARROW, where the size of the arrow represents magnitude, and the direction in which it points represents the direction

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5
Q

Scalar Quantities examples…

A
  • Mass
  • Current
  • Time
  • Distance
  • Energy
  • Speed
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6
Q

Vector Quantities examples…

A
  • Force
  • Velocity
  • Weight
  • Displacement
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7
Q

How does one combine PARALLEL Vectors?

A

They simply ADD UP

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8
Q

How does one combine non-parallel Vectors?

A

One can use the TIP TO TAIL rule or the PARALLELOGRAM rule

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9
Q

What does the Gradient represent in a Distance Time graph?

A

Speed

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10
Q

What does the gradient represent in a speed time graph?

A

Acceleration

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11
Q

How does one find the distance travelled in a speed time graph?

A

Calculate the area under the graph…

How to work it out…

S = D/T

D = ST

D = 10 x 5 (eg)

D = 50m

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12
Q

How does one calculate the speed at a single point in the graph?

A

One must use a TANGENT, which is a line Parallel to the point in the graph

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13
Q

what is a contact force

A

A contact force is a force acting between two objects where the objects are PHYSICALLY TOUCHING

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14
Q

What are some examples of contact forces?

A

Friction, Air resistance, Tension, Normal contact force

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15
Q

what is a non-contact force

A

Non-contact forces are forces that act between two objects that are PHYSICALLY SEPARATED.

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16
Q

What are some examples of non-contact forces?

A

Gravity, Electrostatic force, Magnetic

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17
Q

What is Newton’s First Law?

A

Newton’s first law states that ‘A body will not change its motion unless acted on by an external force’

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18
Q

What is Inertia?

A

Inertia is related to Newton’s 1st Law. Object with a GREATER MASS have MORE INERTIA, so it takes MORE FORCE to change their motion.

Inertia is the tendency of an object to RESIST a change in MOTION

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19
Q

What is Inertial Mass?

A

Inertial Mass is the MEASURE of an object’s RESISTANCE to ACCELERATION

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20
Q

What is the equation for Weight?

A

W = M x G

N) = (kg) x (N/KG

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21
Q

What is the equation for Density?

A 
D             =      M        ÷          V
(kg/cm^3)      =     (kg)      ÷      (cm^3)
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22
Q

What is Newton’s second law of Motion?

A

If a force accelerates an object, the rate of acceleration is directly proportional to the mass of the object

F = MA

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23
Q

What is the equation for Force?

A

F = M x A

(N) = (kg) x (m/s^2)

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24
Q

What is the equation for Acceleration?

A

Acceleration = (Final Speed - Start Speed)/ Time

 A = ΔV/ΔT
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25
What does constant force aim to prove in F = MA?
If the force is constant, acceleration is inversely proportional mass
26
What does constant mass aim to prove in F = MA?
If the mass is constant, acceleration is directly proportional to force
27
What does directly proportional mean?
If you double one, the other one doubles too
28
What does inversely proportional mean?
If you double one, you half the other one too
29
If a force of 10N is applied to a ball of mass 1kg, how fast will it move? Will it be faster that a ball of 0.05kg?
The 1kg ball will move 10 m/s^2, while the 0.05kg one will move 20 times faster, at 200m/s^2
30
What is Newton's 3rd Law?
Whenever two objects INTERACT, they exert EQUAL and OPPOSITE FORCES on EACHOTHER
31
When labelling force on an object, where does the arrow start?
At the centre of mass.
32
Remember...
The forces may be EQUAL and OPPOSITE, however the EFFECTS may not be
33
What is the key condition when considering Newton's Third law?
The forces must be of the SAME TYPE, eg. Gravity against Gravity, REACTION AGAINST REACTION
34
What is the Braking Distance?
The distance a vehicle travels under the BRAKING FORCE
35
What is the Thinking Distance?
The distance a vehicle travels during the THINKING FORCE
36
What is the Stopping Distance?
The stopping distance is the sum of the braking distance and the stopping distance
37
Remember...
Work Done = ENERGY
38
Note...
THE THINKING DISTANCE IS LINEAR ON A GREAPH IN A TEST
39
Note...
THE BRAKING DISTANCE IS A CURVE ON THE GRAPH IN A TEST
40
What is SUVAT?
SUVAT is the UNIFORM ACCELERATION EQUATIONS
41
What does SUVAT stand for?
``` S = Displacement U = Initial velocity V = Final velocity A = Acceleration T = Time (Overall) ```
42
What are the SUVAT equations to calculate acceleration ON SPECIFICATION?
A = (V - U)/T V^2 - U^2 = 2as
43
What is the formula for Momentum?
P = M x V | kg m/s) = (kg) x (m/s
44
What is the rule of conservation of momentum?
In a closed systen, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event
45
Note on Force in relation to Momentum...
FORCE IS EQUAL TO THE CHANGE IN MOMENTUM! A = (V - U)/T F = MA F = M((v - u)/t) F (mv - mu)/t i.e. Force = Change in Momentum SO FORCE IS EQUAL TO CHANGE IN MOMENTUM
46
What is the Equation for Change in Momentum
FT = ΔP
47
Is momentum a vector or a scalar?
Momentum is a VECTOR quantity
48
Have a break :)
Go ahead XD
49
What is a Moment?
A MOMENT is a TURNING EFFECT of a FORCE
50
What is the Equation for a Moment?
Moment = FD
51
What is important to remember when calculating the moment?
Moment = Force x Perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force
52
What is the correct terminology for left and right when describing direction of moments?
Clockwise and Anticlockwise
53
What happens when CLOCKWISE moments and ANITCLOCKWISE moments are EQUAL?
They are in equilibrium
54
What is the centre of Mass / Gravity?
The centre of mass is where a body behaves as of its whole mass were concentrated at one point... This means the body's weight can be considered to act at this point
55
What can one do to increase stability?
One can lower the centre of mass, or increase the area of the base
56
WHAT IS THE UNIT WHICH ALL QUESTIONS SHOULD BE ANSWERED TO DO WITH MOMENTS IN AN EXAM?!
NEWTON METRES (NM)
57
What are Levers?
Levers allow a larger force to act upon the load than is supplied by the effort. This makes it easier to move larger or heavier objects
58
How does the size of the lever affect the force?
The larger the lever, and the further the effort acts on a point, the greater the force on the load will be
59
How do Levers involve moments?
Levers make use of moments to act as a FORCE MULTIPLIER
60
What do gears rotate on?
Their AXLE or SHAFT
61
What directions do gears rotate in?
Gears rotate in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
62
Note on Larger Gears...
If a larger gear is driven by a smaller gear, the larger gear will rotate slowly, but will have a GREATER MOMENT. For example, a low gear in a bike or a car
63
Note on Smaller Gears...
If a smaller gear is driven by a larger gear, the gear will rotate quickly, but will have a SMALLER MOMENT. For example, a high gear on a bike or a car
64
What do gears do? (force)
They act as a TURNING EFFECT MULITPLIER
65
What is the significance of the amount of teeth in gears?
Gears with different numbers of teeth change the rate of rotation
66
What is Hooke's Law?
The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded
67
What is the equation for the potential energy of a spring?
1/2 x Spring Constant x Extension of spring
68
Weight
The force acting on a mass due to gravitational attraction
69
Electrostatic force
The force between two charged objects
70
Thrust
The force causing an object to move
71
Air resistance
Friction in the air on a moving object
72
Upthrust
Force of a fluid pushing an object upwards
73
Compression
Forces that act inwards on an object, squeezing it
74
Tension
Force transmitted through a cable when pulled on by forces acting on its opposite ends
75
Reaction force
A force due to contact between two objects
76
What is the centre of mass?
The point at which all the weight of an object acts
77
What is the equation for weight?
W = MG Weight = Mass X Gravity
78
What is the resultant force?
The single force that describes all the forces operating on a body
79
Where does tension act?
Away from the mass
80
What is work done?
- Object moves over certain distance - By a force - In specific direction
81
What must happen for a stationary object to change its shape?
- Stretching (forces in opposite directions AWAY from object) - Bending (forces that distort the object) - Compression (forces acting in opposite directions TOWARDS object)
82
What are the two types of deformation?
Elastic, Inelastic
83
What is elastic deformation?
When an object returns to their original shape when the stretching force is removed. eg. Rubber bands, steel springs
84
What is inelastic deformation?
When an object remains stretched and does not return completely to its original shape when stretching force is removed eg. Plastic, clay, glass
85
What is the equation for Hooke's law?
F = ke ``` F = Force K = Spring constant E = Extension in metres ```
86
What is the spring constant?
How stiff a spring is. The higher the spring constant is, the higher the stiffness
87
Systematic Errors
Parralax errors taken from, eg. Misreading data
88
Random Errors
Poor accuracy from, eg. Low resolution

Physics (19 decks)

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