Mechanism of Action - Drugs Flashcards
(492 cards)
1
Q
Acepromazine (Phenothiazine)
A
D2 antagonist
H1 Antagonist α-adrenoceptor antagonist mACh antagonist 5-HT antagonist
2
Q
Azaperone (Butyrophenone)
A
Swine
Inhibits D2 rec NA-inhibition Anticholinergic
Weak α-adrenoceptor antagonist Weak H1 antagonist
3
Q
Atipamezole (α-2 antagonist)
A
α-2 antagonist - indicated for the reversal of the sedative and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs.
4
Q
Alprazolam (BZD)
A
Facilitate the inhibitory activity of GABA by causing a receptor structural change, opening Cl- ion channels -> Positive allosteric modulators
5
Q
Amitriptyline (Tricyclic antidepressant)
A
Prevent reuptake of several NTs, incl. serotonin, norepi. & ACh
6
Q
Atropine (Long-acting Parasympatholytic)
A
Antagonises mACh rec. Antidote for OrganoPhosphate Poisoning
7
Q
Atenolol (Beta blocker, anti-arrhythmia)
A
Β-1 blocker (preferred over β-2) Neg. chrono- & inotropic effect
8
Q
Aminophylline (Methylxanthine deriv.)
A
Releases the theophylline which inhibits PDE, IC cAMP increases -> β-1 like effect -> bronchodilation
9
Q
Alfentanil (Opioid)
A
Full μ-agonist
10
Q
Alfaxolone (Steroid anaesthetic)
A
Cats mainly
GABA agonist
11
Q
Alfadolone (Steroid anaesthetic)
A
GABA agonist
12
Q
Atracurium (Myorelaxant)
A
Antagonise nACh selectively, preventing Ach binding and muscle cell depolarisation -> Nondepolarizing blockade
13
Q
Articaine (LA)
A
Block Na+ channels opening
14
Q
Amantadine (Other analgesics)
A
NMDA antagonist (Neuropathic pain)
15
Q
Azathioprine (Immunosuppression)
A
Prodrug of mercaptopurine
Not fully understood but may be related to purine synthesis inhibition, & B and T cell inhib.
16
Q
Acetylsalicylic acid (NSAID - Aspirin)
A
Do not admin to Cats.
Do not mix in water and give to pigs.
Non-selective COX inhibitor
Also blocks the prod. of thromboxane, preventing clots -> Stroke victims
17
Q
Amiodarone (Class III Anti-arrhythmic)
A
K+ channel blocker -> effective refractory period increases -> decreased heart excitability
18
Q
Amlodipine (Class IV Anti-arrhythmic)
A
Ca2+ channel blocker
Decreased Ca2+ influx -> neg. chronotropic effect and vasodilation
SA-node and AV-node -> bradycardia
19
Q
Acetazolamide (Natriuretic)
A
Carboanhydrase inhibitor
Acts on the prox. Tubule of the nephron Prevents carboanhydrase converting water and CO2 to carbonic acid
Used to Treat cysteine stones
20
Q
Acetylcysteine (Mucolytic)
A
Breaks down disulphide bonds in mucoproteins àdissolution of viscous mucous Antidote of paracetamol toxicosis
-> IV 140 mg/kg
21
Q
Ambroxol (Expectorant)
A
Bromhexine metabolite, 1. Break up mucopolysaccharides, dissolving mucus, 2. Increase serous gland secretion, 3. Enhance ciliary movement Bonus: Enhance AB and Ig permeation* * Permeation is the process of molecular penetration of gases, vapours or fluids through the material membrane of a solid.
22
Q
Ammonium Chloride (Mucolytic)
A
Resp. tract irritation causing increased serous gland secretion.
23
Q
Acarbose (Other hormone, hormone antagonist (Antidiabetic))
A
Inhibit α-glycosidase activity in the GI -> less rapid blood sugar elevation after food consumption
24
Q
Aglepriston (Anti-Progestogen)
A
Abortion, 2nd dose after 24 hours
P4 antagonist-> drop in P4 levels -> cannot sustain pregnancy
25
Altrenogest (Progestogen)
Progestomimetic -> P4 rec.
Eq & Su Oestrus Synchronisation
Wear gloves -> transdermal
26
Activated charcoal (Adsorbent)
Binds enterotoxins and endotoxins
DOES NOT bind carbohydrates and proteins
1 – 5 g/kg
27
Attapulgite (Adsorbent)
Magnesium, aluminium silicate clay with an orange colour and disinfect the GIT but used as an antidiarrheal
28
Aluminium hydroxide (Antacid)
Coats the mucosa of the stomach, neutralising acids but may cause constipation
29
Apomorphine (Emetic)
D2 agonist ->CTZ
1st choice in Dogs
Cannot readminister -> pointless
DO NOT use in cats -> dysphoria
30
Amoxicillin (Broad spectrum penicillin)
Binds to PBP -> inhibits PGlycan layer synthesis -> cell wall disruption
Time dependent Bactericidal,
G - & +, PAE Β-lactamase sensitive except can Treat UTI as reaches a high conc in urine
Borrelia spp. are sensitive
31
Ampicillin (Broad spectrum Penicillin)
Binds to PBP-> inhibits PGlycan layer synthesis -> cell wall disruption
Time dependent Bactericidal, G - & +, PAE
Β-lactamase sensitive, give with clav or sulbactam
32
Aztreonam (Monobactam)
Gram –
Β-lactamase resistant
PBP binding -> PGlycan synthesis inhib. -> cell wall disturbance
33
Azithromycin (Macrolide – Ho & SAM)
Fastidious Gram +, anaerobes, bacteriostatic but bactericidal at high conc.
Bind to 50S ribo. Subunit -> protein synthesis inhibition
Effective against M. haemofelis
34
Amikacin (AG)
Kanamycin deriv.
Cause incorrect protein synthesis and act on 30S Ribo. Subunit
Causes oxidative stress causing lipid peroxidation, inducing RNA damage Conc. Dependent Bactericidal & PAE
Half dose in cats Pseudomonas, MRSA & MRSP active Not effective against anaerobes -> needs oxygen
Gram – aerobic + staphylococcus
35
Apramycin (AG)
Cause incorrect protein synthesis and act on 30S Ribo. Subunit
Causes oxidative stress causing lipid peroxidation, inducing RNA damage Conc. Dependent Bactericidal & PAE
Used in swine P.O.
Not effective against anaerobes -> needs oxygen
Gram – aerobic + staphylococcus
36
Acyclovir (Antiviral)
Herpes, Purine analogue
DO NOT use in Cats
Binds to DNA-polymerase, DNA viruses
37
Amantadine (Antiviral)
Ion channel blocker against influenza
38
Asparaginase (Anti-neoplastic)
Acute lymphoid leukaemia & lymphoma Treatment, decreases protein synthesis
Tumour cell does not produce Asparagine and it becomes deprived
39
Amphotericin-B (Systemic Antifungal
| &, Polyene AB & Anti-protozoal)
Binds to ergosterol, disrupting the cell membrane -> cell death
40
Acetic acid (Antiseptic)
5% -> Bactericidal
| Irrigation of Urinary Tract & Can treat otitis externa
41
Allopurinol (Anti-protozoal)
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor Decreases uric acid prod.
| Treats leishmaniasis -> interacts with purine synthesis -> toxic ATP formed
42
Albendazole (Anthelmintic)
BZ carbamate
1st effect: Inhibit tubulin polymerisation
2nd effect: Inhibit cellular transport and energy metabolism
A N & A T & A C
Ru mainly
43
Amitraz (Ectoparasiticide)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Selective to parasite Octopamine α-2 agonist in mammals
Small doses in Eq, Fe & Chihuahua Atipamezole is the antidote
44
Afoxolaner (Ectoparasiticide)
Isooxazoline
GABA antagonist, Glutamate-gated Cl- channel antagonist
1-month fleas, ticks, mites and demodex
45
Bethanechol (Direct parasympathomimetic)
Specific mACh agonist
46
Benzetimide (Parasympatholytic)
```
Ru
mACh antagonist
Decreases GI motility
(Peristalsis and segmental contraction)
Used as an antidiarrheal
```
47
Butyl-scopolamine (Parasympatholytic)
Used as an anti-spasmodic e.g., colic
mACh antagonist
Decreases SM function -> antispasmodic effect
48
Betaxolol (Selective β-1 receptor blocker)
β1 rec. blocker
(Blocks catecholamines) Neg. chronotropic and inotropic effect
Class II antiarrhythmic
49
Baclofen (Central myorelaxant)
GABA(B) rec. agonist - > hyperpolarisation of neurons due to increased K+ conductance and reduces Ca2+ conductance
Inhibits the release of substance P
50
Bupivacaine (LA)
Blocks Na+ channels opening
51
Butorphanol (Opioid)
μ-antagonist, k agonist
52
Buprenorphine
Partial μ agonist
53
Betamethasone (GC – Long acting)
1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
3. Inhibit kappa B -> decreased interleukins
4. Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
54
Beclomethasone (Inhalant GC)
1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
3. Inhibit kappa B -> decreased interleukins
4. Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
55
Budesonide (Inhalant GC)
1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
3. Inhibit kappa B -> decreased interleukins
4. Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
56
Benazepril (ACE Inhibitor)
Prodrug of Benazeprilat
Inhibit Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Angiotensin I cannot convert to Angiotensin II Prevents vasoconstriction, aldosterone prod., ADH prod.
57
Brinzolamide (Natriuretic)
Used in the Treatment of glaucoma Carboanhydrase inhibitor preventing water and CO2 converting to carbonic acid
Takes effect in the proximal tubule of the nephron
Decreases aqueous humour production -> decreasing eye pressure
58
Bromhexine (Expectorant)
```
Expectorant
1. Breaks up mucopolysaccharide ->
dissolving mucous
2. Increases serous gland secretion
3. Enhances ciliary movement
Bonus: Enhances AB and Ig permeation
```
59
Bromocriptine
| Ergot alkaloid – Dopamine Agonist
D2 agonist
| Reduces prolactin hormone synthesis -> pseudopregnancy
60
Buserelin (GnRH analogue)
Stimulate the production of/and release of FSH & LH from the hypophysis
61
Bismuth Salts (Adstringent)
Cause faeces to look black -> not melaena Vasoconstriction-> decrease secretion & anti- inflammatory
Binds to damaged proteins & precipitates them -> coagulation -> protective layer Inactivate entero and endotoxins
Antidiarrheal
62
Bisacodyl (Stimulant Laxative)
Causes direct SM stimulation & plexus myentericus stimulation
63
Benzylpenicillin Na, K
| Narrow spectrum penicillin
IV admin
Time dependent Bactericidal, Gram +,
~Gram -~ & Leptospira and Borrelia spp and anaerobes PBP binding-> PGlycan synthesis inhibition-> Cell wall disruption
64
Benzathine benzylpenicillin
| (Narrow spectrum penicillin
Combo with streptomycin
Inject, 3-day efficacy
Time dependent Bactericidal, Gram +,
~Gram -~ & Leptospira and Borrelia spp and anaerobes PBP binding -> PGlycan synthesis inhibition ->Cell wall disruption
65
Bacitracin (Antibiotic)
Inhibit cell synthesis -> interferes with the dephosphorylation of C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate
Conc. Dependent bactericidal G-Positives (Not β-Lactamase sensitive)
66
Baquiloprim (Long-acting DAP)
Inhibits Tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis from Dihydrofolic acid by combing with the enzyme Dihydrofolate reductase -> no purine synthesis -> no DNA
Greater affinity to the bacterial enzyme -> specificity Bacteriostatic
Bact-Cidal when combined with SUAs
Gram + & Gram – aerobes
No activity against mycobacterium, mycoplasma or chlamydia
67
Bifonazole (Antifungal)
```
Topical Imidazole
Malassezia very sensitive
Inhibit 14α- sterol demethylase preventing ergosterol formation from lanosterol -> membrane disruption
2 – 4 weeks
Ringworm
Cut long hair
```
68
Benzalkonium chloride (Cationic surfactant)
Absorbed in cell membrane and change permeability
Most bacteria, fungi and protozoa
Ineffective against viruses and spores S. aureus is resistant
69
Bradophen (Cationic surfactant)
Absorbed in cell membrane and change permeability
Most bacteria, fungi and protozoa
Ineffective against viruses and spores S. aureus is resistant
70
Brilliant Green
Triphenylmethane dye
Gram positives
Lower activity in presence of organic matter Antiseptic: 0.5% sol. Burns, wounds, 5% naval
71
Chlorpromazine (Phenothiazine)
```
Antagonist of;
mACh
D2
H1
5-HT α-adrenergic rec.
Paradox Rx in Horses
```
72
Clomipramine (Tricyclic Antidepressant)
Prevent reputable of several NTs incl. serotonin, norepinephrine & ACh
73
Carbachol (Direct parasympathomimetic)
Binds to ACh
74
Clenbuterol (Specific sympathomimetic)
Long acting β-2 agonist
| DO NOT ADMIN TO Food producing animals or Racehorses
75
Carisoprodol (Muscle relaxant)
Potentiates opioids
Central acting
Altered interneuronal activity in the spinalcord and the descending reticular formation of the brain.
76
Codeine (Opioid)
Full μ agonist
| Also has an Antitussive effect
77
Caffeine (Xanthine deriv.)
Central analeptic Most to least sensitive;
1. Adenosine receptor blocker
2. PDE inhibitor
3. Action at Ca2+ channels to increase Ca2+ into cells & to decrease sarcolemma sequestration of Ca2+
4. Bind to GABA recc. at the BZD binding site.
78
Carprofen (NSAID)
```
Lethal in humans
COX inhibitor (COX-2 preferential)
```
79
Cimicoxib (NSAID)
COX-2 specific Dogs
80
Cortisol (GC)
1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
3. Inhibit kappa Decreased interleukins
4. Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
81
Chlorpheniramine (1st gen. antihistamine)
Inverse H1 agonist
82
Cetirizine (2nd gen. antihistamine)
Inverse H1 agonist
83
Cyproheptadine
| Appetite stimulant & 1st gen antihistamine
His & Serotonin antagonist
84
Cyclophosphamide (Immunosuppressant)
Suppress B & T cells
85
Cyclosporin
| Immunosuppressant
Calcineurine Inhibition
| Calcineurine inhibition is involved in IL-2 expression
86
Clopidogrel (Antiplatelet agent)
ADP receptor inhibition
87
Chlorothiazine (Phenothiazine)
```
Antagonist of;
mACh
D2
H1
5-HT α-adrenergic rec.
Paradox Rx in Horses
```
88
Carbocysteine (Mucolytic)
Break up disulphide bonds in mucoproteins, dissolving viscous mucous
Also increases ciliary movement
89
Clenbuterol (Specific sympathomimetic)
Long acting β-2 agonist
90
Carbimazole (Thyroid Tx)
Used to treat hyperthyroidism Interferes (or compete) with thyroid peroxidase
(early step of thyroid hormone synthesis)
91
Cloprostenol (Synthetic prostaglandin)
Synthetic analogue of PGF-2ɑ Luteolytic
92
Cisapride (Prokinetic)
Human drug
| 5-HT4 agonist in plexus myentericus -> ACh release
93
Cloxacillin (Penicillin)
Penicillinase stable
Cl & O
PBP binding,
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis Disrupt cell wall Time dependent Bactericidal G+ Beta-lactamase resistant
94
Clavulanic acid (Beta lactamase inhibitor)
Inhibit beta lactamase
| “Suicide” inhibitor by binding and inactivating the enzyme
95
Cefazolin (1st gen. cephalosporin)
```
Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β - lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
```
96
Cefalexin (1st gen. cephalosporin)
```
Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
```
97
Cefapirin (1st gen. cephalosporin)
```
Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
```
98
Cefadroxil (1st gen. cephalosporin)
```
Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
```
99
Cefuroxime (2nd gen. cephalosporin)
Less pronounced activity against G+ G-
Anaerobes
```
Time dependent Bactericidal
G+
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
```
100
Ceftiofur (3rd gen cephalosporin)
Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
101
Ceftriaxone (3rd gen cephalosporin)
Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
102
Cefotaxime (3rd gen cephalosporin)
Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
103
Ceftazidime (3rd gen cephalosporin)
Pseudomonas
Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
104
Cefovecin (3rd gen cephalosporin)
Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
105
Cefoperazon (3rd gen cephalosporin)
Pseudomonas
Weak activity against G+ V.
Good against Gram – Rest is same as 1st gen
(G-: only against non-lactamase producers) Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
106
Cefquinome (4th gen cephalosporin)
G+ & G- & CIA
Carboxylic group protects against β-lactamase PBP binding
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis
Cell wall disruption
107
Chlortetracycline (TTC)
30S ribo subunit inhibitor
Short acting
Bacteriostatic
Higher conc. in urine can be bactericidal Aerobic and anaerobic
G+ & G-, Mycoplasma, rickettsia & chlamydophilae all sensitive
108
Clarithromycin (Macrolide)
Gram +, Anaerobic.
Fastidious Bacteriostatic
50S ribo subunit
Also active against crypto
109
Clindamycin (Lincosamide)
DO NOT ADMIN TO HORSES
G+ & Anaerobic Bacteriostatic
50S ribo subunit
110
Chloramphenicol (Phenicol)
50S ribo subunit
Bacteriostatic
G+ & G- Anaerobes & aerobes
111
Ciprofloxacin (FQ)
```
Best for Pseudomonas
Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA-enzyme complex of Type II topoisomerase & (DNA gyrase in G-) & Type IV topoisomerase in G+ -> bacterial death Conc. dependent Bactericidal
PAE
Gen 2 b
G-
Moderate G+
IC pathogens
```
112
Carboplatin (Antineoplastic)
Osteosarcoma, carcinoma
DO NOT ADMIN IN CATS
Mainly acts by attaching alkyl groups to the nucleotides, leading to the formation of monoadducts, and DNA fragmenting when repair enzymes attempt to correct the error.
113
Cisplatin (Antineoplastic)
Causes pulmonary oedema in cats
DO NOT ADMIN TO CATS
1) Attachment of alkyl groups to DNA bases, resulting in the DNA being fragmented by repair enzymes in their attempts to replace the alkylated bases, preventing DNA synthesis & RNA transcription from the affected DNA
2) DNA damage via the formation of cross-links which prevents DNA from being separated for synthesis or transcription,
3) The induction of mispairing of the nucleotides leading to mutations.
114
Chlorambucil (Antineoplastic)
First choice in leukaemia and lymphoma Slowest acting
1) Attachment of alkyl groups to DNA bases, resulting in the DNA being fragmented by repair enzymes in their attempts to replace the alkylated bases, preventing DNA synthesis & RNA transcription from the affected DNA
2) DNA damage via the formation of cross-links which prevents DNA from being separated for synthesis or transcription,
3) The induction of mispairing of the nucleotides leading to mutations.
115
Cytarabine (Antineoplastic)
Pyrimidine analogue, Decreases DNA synthesis Lymphoma
116
Clotrimazole (Antifungal)
Topical
| 14ɑ-sterol demethylase inhibition Prevents ergosterol formation from lanosterol
117
Chlorhexidine (Antiseptic)
```
Biguanide
G+
Some G-
Fungi
Not spores Disrupts the cell membrane
```
118
Chlorine dioxide (Disinfectant)
Bacteria, viruses, fungi & protozoa Formation of undissociated hypochlorous acid
(HOCl) in water at acid to neutral pH.
119
Chloramine B & T (Disinfectant)
Bacteria, viruses, fungi & protozoa Formation of undissociated hypochlorous acid
(HOCl) in water at acid to neutral pH.
120
Clopidol (Anti-coccidial)
Coccidiostat
| Possibly, inhibition of cytochrome-C mediated electron transport in mitochondria
121
Clorsulon (Endoparasiticide)
Inhibits enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in liver flukes
122
Coumaphos (Ectoparasiticide)
Varroa mites
OP – DO NOT USE IN CATS
Irreversible inhibition of AChE
123
Calcium hypochlorite (Disinfectant)
Bacteria, viruses, fungi & protozoa Formation of undissociated hypochlorous acid
(HOCl) in water at acid to neutral pH.
124
Dinotefuran (Ectoparasiticide)
Neonicotinoid insecticide
ACh agonist – 3rd gen. nACh
Fastest acting
125
Deltamethrin (Ectoparasiticide)
Open Na+ channels leading to constant depolarisation -> “Knock down effect” Resistance is common in fleas Brown dog ticks are resistant
2nd gen. pyrethroid
126
Diazinon (Ectoparasiticide)
OrganoPhosphate poisoning
| DO NOT USE ON CATS Contact poison Irreversibly inhibits AchE Antidote: Atropine
127
Doramectin (Endectocide – Macrocyclic Lactone)
Potentiate inhibitory transmitters by binding to Glutamate & GABA-gated Cl- channel receptors
in nematodes & arthropod neurons. Causes the channel to open, leading to an influx of Cl-
->Paralysis of pharynx, body wall and uterine muscles of nematodes
128
Didecyldimethylammonium bromide (Disinfectant/ Antiseptic)
Cationic surfactant
Adsorbed to cell membrane and increase permeability
Most bacteria, some fungi, yeast, protozoa Inactivated by an anionic surfactant. Not a reliable antiseptic as they form a film under which microbes can survive
129
Dicytyldimethylammonium bromide (Disinfectant/ Antiseptic)
Cationic surfactant
Adsorbed to cell membrane and increase permeability
Most bacteria, some fungi, yeast, protozoa Inactivated by an anionic surfactant. Not a reliable antiseptic as they form a film under which microbes can survive
130
Decoquinate (Anticoccidial)
Inhibits cytochrome-C mediated electron transport in mitochondria Quinoline deriv.
131
Diclazuril (Anticoccidial)
Triazine deriv.
Active against all IC stages
Inhibit asexual stages by inhibiting nuclear division of schizonts and microgamonts & by inhibiting wall forming bodies of macrogamonts -cidal
Inhibits sporulation
132
Doxorubicin (Anti-neoplastic)
Intercalates & binds to DNA, disrupting the helical structure & DNA template, TII-mediated chain scission
Lymphoma, Leukaemia, Osteosarcoma, Haemangiosarcoma
133
Dicloxacillin (Penicillinase stable penicillin)
```
2 Cl
PBP binding,
Inhibit P Glycan synthesis Disrupt cell wall
Time dependent Bactericidal G+
Beta-lactamase resistant
```
134
Doxycycline (TTC)
30S Ribo Subunit inhibitor
Long acting
Bacteriostatic
High Conc. Bactericidal
(Loss of functional integrity of cell membrane)
Aerobic & Anaerobic, G+ & G-
Mycoplasma, Rickettsia & Chlamydia are sensitive
Lawsonia IC
Wolbachia spp. Tx (30 days)
Active against Toxoplasmosis in large doses Prevention of Babesiosis
135
Danofloxacin (FQ- Gen. 2b)
G-
Moderate against G+ Pseudomonas (but mainly ciprofloxacin)
IC pathogens
Inhibit DNA synthesis by cleaving DNA in the DNA-enzyme complexes of Type II Topoisomerase, (DNA grease in
G-) & type IV topoisomerase in G+, resulting in cell death
Bactericidal (Conc. Dependent)
PAE
136
Difloxacin (FQ – Gen. 2b)
G-
Moderate against G+ Pseudomonas (but mainly ciprofloxacin)
IC pathogens
Inhibit DNA synthesis by cleaving DNA in the DNA-enzyme complexes of Type II Topoisomerase, (DNA grease in
G-) & type IV topoisomerase in G+, resulting in cell death
Bactericidal (Conc. Dependent)
PAE
137
Diltiazem (Class IV antiarrhythmic)
Ca2+ channel blockers
Increase refractory period between AV node and SA node
Decreased Ca2+ influx ->Decreased contraction and vasodilation
138
Digoxin (Cardiotonic)
1. Irreversibly inhibits Na/ K ATPase enzyme -> Increased Na+
2. Increased Calcium in the myocytes-> increased contractile force of the heart.
3. Stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system via n. vagus-> SA & AV node effects, decreasing HR.
139
Dorzolamide (Diuretic – Natriuretic)
Carboanhydrase inhibitor
Glaucoma Treatment
Proximal tubule
Prevents bicarbonate synthesis from water and CO2
140
Dihydrocodeine (Antitussive)
DO NOT ADMIN IN CATS ->
Dysphoria etc Central antitussive
Block the cough centre (μ & κ receptors)
141
Dextromethorphan (Antitussive)
Safe in cats NMDA Antagonist δ-receptor
142
Dembrexine (Expectorant)
```
Used in horses
1. Break up mucopolysaccharide,
dissolving the mucus
2. Increase serous gland secretion
3. Engage ciliary movement
4. Enhance permeation of Ig & AB
```
143
Diazepam (BZD)
Facilitate or amplify the inhibitory activity of GABAA, by eliciting a structural alteration in the GABA receptor complex -> Cl- channels open, hyperpolarising the neuron’s membrane potential
Entero-hepatic recirculation
144
Domperidone (Antiemetic & Prokinetic)
Peripheral effect only
| D2 – antagonist (D3) Potential risk for MDR-1 gene breeds
145
Dolasetron (Antiemetic)
Selective 5-HT antagonist
Converted to hydrolasetron
CTZ & N. vagus and GIT
146
Diphenhydramine (Antihistamine)
1 Gen
| Inverse H1 agonist, Vestibular apparatus action
147
Docusate (Stimulant Laxative)
Increase in secretion of water (Soften the stool), sodium, chloride, & potassium as well as a decrease in absorption of glucose and bicarbonate.
Surfactant effect in the intestines
148
Deslorelin (GnRH)
Stimulation of the production and release of FSH and LH
149
Desmopressin (Vasopressin analogue – Antidiuretic)
Binds to V2 recc. in the cells of the distal tubule & collecting ducts of the nephron, stimulating adenylyl cyclase -> increased aquaporins in the luminal membrane & enhanced water permeability.
150
Dinoprost (Prostaglandin analogue)
PGF 2-α deriv.
Stimulates myometrial contractions (via its interaction with the prostaglandin receptors) in the pregnant uterus that are like the contractions that occur in the term uterus during labour.
151
Droperidol (Butyrophenone)
D2-antagonist Antiemetic effect
| Exact mechanism is not clear.
152
Detomidine (α 2 agonist)
α-2 adrenergic central rec. agonist Inhibits the release of norepi, Activation of the postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreases blood pressure and heart rate.
More commonly used in Horses
153
Dexmedetomidine (α 2 agonist)
Presynaptic α-2 adrenergic central rec. agonist Inhibits the release of norepi
Activation of the postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreases blood pressure and heart rate. Small animals
154
Dopamine (Non-specific sympathomimetic)
Catecholamine
Norepi precursor
Positive chronotropic & inotropic effects on the myocardium
Direct β-agonist
In the brain -> D1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 recc. agonists
155
Dobutamine (Specific sympathomimetic)
Mainly beta 1 receptor agonist
156
Desflurane (Inhalational anaesthetic)
GABA agonist, mainly
157
Dinitrogen oxide (Inhalational anaesthetic)
Inhibition of NMDA glutamate receptors GABA agonist
158
Doxapram (Respiratory stimulant)
Thought to inhibit certain K channels in the carotid body, stimulating the respiratory centre in the brain stem
159
Deracoxib (NSAID)
Cox-2 selective Dog
160
Dexamethasone (GC)
Long acting
1. Reduce vascular permeability preventing macrophages and leucocyte migrating
2. Inhibits phospholipase A2 preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid-> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase
3. Inhibit kappa B -> decreased interleukins Inhibit inflammation and promote anti- inflammation
161
Dimenhydrinate (1st gen Antihistamine & antiemetic)
Inverse H1 agonist Vestibular apparatus
162
Dimetindene (1st gen antihistamine & antiemetic)
Inverse H1 agonist Vestibular apparatus
163
Doxazosin (Sympatholytic)
Postsynaptic
Alpha 1 antagonist on vascular smooth muscle
Urethra sphincter relaxation
164
Edrophonium (Parasympathomimetic)
Inhibit cholinesterase -> Increased ACh in synapses-> Nicotinic and Muscarinic effect Short acting
Myasthenia gravis diagnosis -> Tensilon test
165
Epinephrine (Non-Specific Sympathomimetic)
β receptor agonist α-receptors in higher doses
166
Ephedrine (Specific sympathomimetic)
α-receptor agonist
| Treats hypotension
167
Etodolac (NSAID)
More COX-2 selective (5-50x than COX-1)
168
Enalapril (ACE Inhibitor)
Prodrug of enalaprilat
| Prevents Angiotensin converting enzyme converting Ang I to Ang II -> No vasoconstriction
169
Etamsylate (Anticoagulant inhibitor)
Thromboxane antagonist Improves capillary wall integrity PGI effect inhibition Post-op use
170
Estradiol benzoate (Oestrogens)
Inhibit implantation
In the Tx of uterine infections
Tx urinary incontinence in spayed females
Stop lactation in females
Tx of persistent CL in Bo (Oestrogen is luteotropic in sow)
Anal adenoma in males
Prostate hypertrophy
171
Estriol (Natural oestrogen)
```
GnRH release
Improve uterine tone
Inhibit implantation
In the Tx of uterine infections
Tx urinary incontinence in spayed females
Stop lactation in females
Tx of persistent CL in Bo (Oestrogen is luteotropic in sow)
Anal adenoma in males
Prostate hypertrophy
```
172
ECG (GnRH)
Non-pituitary
Equine chorionic gonadotrophin Induce follicular growth & ovulation after Tx of P4, progestogens Superovulation
Stimulate spermatogenesis and libido
173
Erythromycin (Macrolide)
Old drug
| Gram+, anaerobic, fastidious Bacteriostatic Bactericidal at high conc. Bind to 50S ribo. Subunit
174
Enilconazole (Antifungal)
Imidazole
Topical
Malassezia v sensitive
Inhibit 14α-sterol demethylase stopping the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol
175
Ethylene dioxide (Disinfectant)
Bacteria, viruses, & fungi including spores.
176
Epsiprantel (Anthelmintic)
Induce spastic paralysis in the parasite. Interfere with the regulation of IC Ca2+ conc.
Impairing mobility and sucking function of cestodes
AC: Tapeworm AT: Tropical blood fluke Echinococcus spp.
177
Eprinomectin (Macrocyclic lactone)
Potentiation of inhibitory transmitters by binding to glutamate and GABA gated chloride channels -> channels open -> chloride ion influx -> Paralysis
178
Emodepside (Anthelmintic)
Inhibitory effect on synaptic transmission by binding to a group of G-protein coupled receptors called iatrophilins. This activates the channel causing potassium ion efflux, hyperpolarisation & inhibition of excitatory NT effect of ACh, inhibiting muscles in the parasitic nematodes -> flaccid paralysis. Inhibit locomotive & pharyngeal pumping functions and inhibits egg laying.
AN
179
Fluanisone (Butyrophenone)
D2 inhibition
NA inhibition?
Anticholinergic effects
Weak α-1 antagonist Weak H1 antagonist
180
Fluoxetine (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)
Inhibits pre-synaptic uptake of Serotonin
181
Formoterol (β-2 agonist sympathomimetic)
Equine Recurrent Airway Obstruction
| β-2 agonist -> Bronchodilation
182
Fentanyl (Opioid)
Full μ agonist
183
Flunixin (NSAID)
COX inhibitor,
Antiendotoxin (Gram -, Enteritis & Mastitis & Colic)
Do not give before surgery -> platelet aggregation inhibition
184
Firocoxib (NSAID)
COX-2 selective
185
Fluticasone (Inhalant GC)
1. Inhibits phospholipase A2, preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> Ø arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase.
2. Decreased vascular permeability, preventing macrophages & leucocyte migration.
3. Inhibit kappa B -> Decreased IL-6, IL-8 Prod.
4. Inhibit IL-4 and IL-5 and decrease cytokine prod.
186
Frunevetmab (Anti-Nerve growth factor monoclonal antibodies)
Target NGF binding to TrkA receptor
187
Furosemide (Loop Diuretic)
Loop of Henle, Na+, K+ & Cl- transporter inhibition
-> Na+ & K+ excretion, Mg2+ and Ca2+ increase.
Short T1/2 -> t.i.d.
188
Fenleuton (Leukotriene synthesis inhibitor)
LTC4, LTD4 & LTE4 inhibition -> Bronchodilation.
189
Famotidine (Antiulcer)
H2 – Competitive Antagonist on parietal cells
| -> HCL prod. decreases.
190
Fertirelin (GnRH Analogue)
Do not give P.O.
| Stim. LH & FSH production from the hypophysis.
191
Flurogeston (Progestogen)
Ewe oestrus synch.
| Bind to and activate the P4 receptor.
192
Fludrocortisone (Mineralocorticoid)
Treats Addison’, replace endogenous aldosterone or lack thereof.
193
Finasteride (Anti-androgen)
Specific inhibitor of Type II 5α-reductase, preventing T converting to DHT.
194
Flucloxacillin (Penicillin)
PBP binding, inhibiting PGlycan synthesis and inhibiting cell wall synthesis
Time-dependent Bactericidal & PAE Penicillinase stable penicillin Staphylococcus
195
Florfenicol (Phenicol)
Allowed in FPA,
Inhibit 50S Ribo subunit Bacteriostatic
Gram + & Gram -, Aerobic and Anaerobic Only
AB licensed for fish in the EU
196
Fosfomycin (AB)
UTIs, Gram pos & neg Bactericidal MRSA effective
197
Flumequine (2nd gen. FQ)
Weak gram neg. activity
Good against Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas in fish
Bind to DNA and gyrase and inhibit their activity
198
Furazolidone (Nitrofuran)
Conc. Dependent bactericidal
Nitrofuran reductase -> toxic metabolite -> destroys DNA & ribosomes
Enterobacteriaceae Gram neg
199
Famciclovir (Anti-viral)
Prodrug, CATS, DNA polymerase inhibitor, DNA viruses only, Herpes
Purine analogue
200
Fluconazole (Anti-fungal)
Triazole,
| Inhibit 14α-sterol demethylase so lanosterol cannot convert to ergosterol -> membrane disruption
201
Formaldehyde (Disinfectant)
Alkylate the amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl groups of microbial proteins and RNA & DNA
Carcinogen.
Kills everything.
202
Fenbendazole (Anthelmintic)
BZ carbamate
Prodrug of Oxfendazole
AC, AN
1o effect: Inhibition of tubulin polymerisation,
2o effect: Inhibition of cellular transport and energy metabolism.
203
Flubendazole (Anthelmintic)
Halogenated BZ carbamate AN, AC
1o effect: Inhibition of tubulin polymerisation,
2o effect: Inhibition of cellular transport and energy metabolism
204
Febantel (Anthelmintic)
Pro-benzimidazole (Prodrug of fenbendazole) AN, AC
1o effect: Inhibition of tubulin polymerisation,
2o effect: Inhibition of cellular transport and energy metabolism.
205
Flumethrin (Ectoparasiticide)
2nd gen. Pyrethroid
Varroosis in Bees
Repellent and contact poison
Open Na+ Channels -> constant depolarisation
206
Fluralaner (Ectoparasiticide)
Isooxazoline
GABA antagonist + Glutamate gated Cl- channel antagonist, Arachnids
3 months protection
207
Fipronil (Ectoparasiticide)
GABA antagonist
DO NOT use in rabbits
Resistance
208
Glycopyrrolate (Parasympatholytic)
mACh rec. antagonist
209
Gabapentin (Antiepileptic)
Exact mechanism is unclear
N type Ca2+ channel blocker
NMDA antagonist à reducing neuropathic pain
210
Guaifenesin (Myorelaxant & Expectorant)
Used as a myorelaxant in Equine anaesthesia -> Exact mechanism is unknown
Secondary effect: Enhances ciliary movement only
Can be combined with antitussives
211
Gonadorelin (GnRH analogue)
Stimulates FSH and LH production and secretion from the hypophysis
Horse, Swine & Rabbit Oligopeptide -> Do not give P.O.
212
Glucagon (Insulin-antagonist)
Involved in the Somogyi rebound effect -> hypoglycaemia
| induced hyperglycaemia due to compensatory release of glucagon
213
Glipizide (p.o. Antidiabetic)
Type-2 non-insulin dependent diabetes
Increases release of insulin and cell sensitivity
Increase no. of insulin recc.
Decrease binding of insulin to plasma proteins Decreased glucagon release
214
Gentamycin (AG)
Used in combo with penicillin
Pseudomonas is sensitive (7 – 10 days s.i.d. IV) Conc. Dependent bactericidal
Interrupts normal protein synthesis -> 30S ribo. Subunit
Oxidative stress ->lipid peroxidation -> RNA structural damage
PAE
Aerobic Gram – Staphylococcus (G+)
Fastidious
215
Gamithromycin (Macrolide)
50S ribo. Subunit inhibitor
Bacteriostatic
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious
216
Ganciclovir (Antiviral)
IV only
Purine analogue
Irreversibly binds DNA polymerase
217
Griseofulvin (Antifungal)
Accumulates in skin and nails
Inhibits microtubule formation -> mitotic spindle is disrupted -> fungistatic activity
Active transport uptake into dermatophytes
218
Glutaraldehyde (Disinfectant)
An oil.
| Alkylate the amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl & sulfhydryl groups of microbial proteins and RNA-DNA
219
Homatropine (Parasympatholytic)
Short-acting mACh antagonist
220
Halothane (Inhalant anaesthetic)
Banned in EU.
| Binds to K channel in cholinergic neurons, also binds to NMDA and Ca channels.
221
Hydrocortisone-aceponate (GC)
1. Inhibits phospholipase A2, preventing breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> Ø arachidonic acid -> decreased expression of COX & lipoxygenase.
2. Decreased vascular permeability, preventing macrophages & leucocyte migration.
3. Inhibit kappa B -> Decreased IL-6, IL-8 Prod.
222
Hydroxyzine (1st gen. antihistamine)
Inverse agonists of H1 -> Inactive
223
Heparin (Anticoagulant)
Thrombin + VII, IX, X & XII clotting factors inactivated.
| Antithrombin and heparin form a complex -> conformational change.
224
Hydralazine (Vasodilator)
Inhibits inositol trisphosphate induced Ca2+ release from the SR in arterial SM cells
225
Hydrochlorothiazide (Natriuretic)
Affects DT of nephron, inhibits sodium, chloride co-transporter -> Na+ and H20 excretion. Increases K+ levels and Ca2+ levels decrease
226
HCG (Non-pituitary gonadotrophin)
Secreted from the chorionic portion of the human placenta, LH activity -> ovulation, nymphomania Tx.
Males: Tx cryptorchidism when no anatomical abnormality is present.
227
Hexachlorophene (Antiseptic & substituted phenol)
Bacteriostatic, Gram +, few Gram -, Prolonged use -> fungicidal
AT activity -> Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation process.
228
Hydrogen peroxide (Supf. Antiseptic)
Liberates oxygen when in contact with catalase present in wounds and MMs. Removes pus and cellular debris from tissue.
229
Halofuginon (Anticoccidial)
Quinazoline deriv. Mechanism is unknown.
230
Ipratropium (Parasympatholytic)
mACh antagonist -> bronchodilation
231
Isoflurane (Inhalant anaesthetic)
GABA agonist
232
Insulin (Anti-diabetes)
1. Increases IC uptake of glucose, AAs, FA and K+,
2. Increase glucose metabolism,
3. Increase protein synthesis
4. Deposit fat and glycogen.
233
Imipenem (Carbapenem)
Gram pos and neg,
Bactericidal
PBP binding and cell wall disruptor via PGlycan synthesis inhibition
Kills all.
234
Idoxuridine (Antiviral)
Pyrimidine analogue, herpes, DNA viruses, inhibition of DNA polymerase
235
Itraconazole (Anti-fungal)
Triazole
| Inhibits 14α-sterol demethylase, inhibiting lanosterol converting to ergosterol -> cell membrane disruption
236
Imidocarb (Anti-protozoal)
Carbanilide derivative
| Bind to DNA & interfere with replication. Babecidal and trypanocidal effects
237
Ivermectin (Anthelmintic & Ectoparasiticide) ENDETOCIDE MACROCYCLIC LACTONE
Avermectin Macrocyclic Lactone Potentiation of inhibitory transmitters by binding to glutamate and GABA gated Cl- channel recc. in nematodes and arthropod nerve cells -> Cl- influx -> Paralysis AN
DO NOT give to MDR-1 breeds
Fleas only
238
Indoxacarb (Ectoparasiticide)
```
Sodium channel blocker -> hyperpolarisation Prodrug
Selective toxicity (Cleavage of methoxy group)
Ø Ticks
```
239
Imidacloprid (Neonicotinoid insecticide)
Ach agonist (nACh)
Fastest acting 1st gen.
Ø Ticks
240
Lidocaine (LA)
Amide type
Block Na channels
Does not cause vasodilation
Rapid onset of action
Epidural
No Neg. inotropic effect, can be used in heart failure
Immediate Tx of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias
Can act as an antiemetic by anaesthetising the stomach mucosa
241
Lisinopril (ACE Inhibitor)
Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme converting Ang I to Ang II -> No vasoconstriction -> Decreases preload NOT a prodrug, no liver activation
242
Lorazepam (BZD)
Good as an anticonvulsant
Anxiolytic
Amplify the inhibitory effect of GABA, eliciting a structural alteration in the GABA receptor complex -> opening of Cl- channels -> positive allosteric modulators
Flumazenil is the antidote
243
Levetiracetam (Antiepileptic)
Used in combo with PB
Not a monotherapy
Status epilepticus
Modulation of synaptic NT release via binding to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A in the brain.
244
Loratadine (Antihistamine)
2nd gen.
| Inverse agonist of H1 receptor
245
Lokivetmab (Anti-IL 31 monoclonal antibody)
DO NOT give to cats (No therapeutic effect, may elicit an immune response)
Neutralise IL-31 The “itch messenger”
246
Losartan (Ang II Rec Antagonist)
Ang II Rec antagonist
| No bradykinin activation
247
Lansoprazole (PPI)
Prodrug -> activated in parietal cells
Once protonated, lansoprazole will react with cysteine residues on parietal H+, K+-ATPase resulting in stable disulphides
248
Lactulose (Osmotic Laxative)
Absorbs water
Activated in the colon and degraded by bacteria into lactic acid and acetic acid -> luminal pH decreases -> Ammonia producing bacteria are reduced -> decreased ammonia absorption as ammonia is protonated into ammonium which cannot be absorbed -> good for hepatic encephalopathy
Long term use
249
Liquid paraffin (Coating agent)
Softens faeces and lubricates them Does not cause Dx
ADEK can dissolve in this
Not for long term
250
Levofloxacin (FQ – 3rd gen)
G+ & G-
Pseudomonas
Intracellular pathogens
Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA-enzyme complex of Type II topoisomerase & (DNA gyrase in G-) & Type IV topoisomerase in G+ -> bacterial death Bactericidal Enterobacteriaceae, mycoplasma and chlamydia, streptococci
251
Levamisole (Anthelmintic)
Imidazothiazole
Widespread resistance in Bo and Ov -> Withdrawn
Agonists of nACh receptors of nematodes -> stimulate ganglion structures in somatic muscle cells of nematodes -> sustained muscle contractions followed by a neuromuscular depolarising blockade -> paralysis
High dose -> inhibition of fumarate reductase
Migrating larvicidal
Adulticidal
252
Lotilaner (Ectoparasiticide)
Isooxazoline
GABA antagonist, glutamate gated Cl- channel antagonist
Fleas, ticks, mites and demodex
253
Lincomycin (Lincosamide)
50S ribo subunit inhibition Bacteriostatic
G+ anaerobic, NOT fastidious Mycoplasma, Lawsonia, campylobacter Swine dysentery but Tylvalosin is better Combined with spectinomycin -> Synergism Does not treat UTI Dysbacteriosis and tissue irritation
DO NOT ADMN TO HORSES!!!!!!!
254
Levocetirizine (Antihistamine)
2nd gen.
| H1 inverse agonists
255
Levothyroxine (Synthetic thyroxine)
Treat hypothyroidism
256
Lomustine (Antineoplastic)
Alkylating agent
Metabolites cause alkylation & cross-linking of DNA & RNA, inducing cytotoxicity. Other biologic effects incl. inhibition of DNA synthesis & some cell cycle phase specificity. Lymphoma & Mastocytoma
257
Lasalocid (Anti-coccidial)
Ionophore anti-coccidial
| Interrupts ionic haemostasis -> osmolysis
258
Milbemycin (Endectocide – Macrocyclic lactone)
Macrocyclic lactone -> DO NOT give to turtles GluCl and GABA agonist -> let Cl- into the cells causing paralysis
Mange, demodex (1x daily), myiasis, ticks DO NOT gives to MDR-1 gene breeds e.g., collie
259
Montelukast (Leukotriene rec. antagonist)
Leukotriene rec. antagonist (CysLT1)
260
Meloxicam (NSAID)
COX inhibitor with preference to COX-2 Antiendotoxin
261
Morphine (Opioid)
Full μ agonist
Cause excitation in Fe & Eq
Histamine Release
262
Medetomidine (Alpha 2 agonist)
Presynaptic α-2 adrenergic rec. agonist
Inhibits the release of norepi.
Activation of the post-synaptic α-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreasing blood pressure & HR
263
Midazolam (BZD)
Mediated through the inhibitory NT GABA -> increases the activity of GABA -> sedative effect
264
Methohexital (Injectable anaesthetic)
Barbiturate
Binds with a Cl- ionophore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time the Cl- ionophore is open -> prolongs the post- synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA
265
Metoprolol
| Sympatholytic & Class II Antiarrhythmic (2nd Gen)
β-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist
266
Methadone (Opioid)
Full μ agonist
267
Metomidate (Injectable anaesthetic)
Binds with a Cl- ionophore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time the Cl- ionophore is open -> prolongs the post- synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA
268
Methocarbamol (Central muscle relaxant)
Action mediated through blocking spinal polysynaptic reflexes, decreasing nerve transmission in spinal & supraspinal polysynaptic pathways, & prolonging the refractory period of myocytes
269
Mepivacaine (LA)
Blocks Na+ channels
270
Metamizole (NSAID)
Minor analgesic
Mainly COX-3 but not specific
DO NOT USE IN CATS -> Excitation
Dogs & Rodents Spasmolytic
271
Mavacoxib (NSAID)
COX-2 selective
| Dog
272
Methylprednisolone (GC)
Middle long-acting
1. Inhibits phospholipase A” on cell membranes -> prevents breakdown of
lysosomal membranes -> decreased COX & lipoxygenase or PG synthesis
2. Decrease vascular permeability Inhibits IL production
273
Mycophenolate mofetil (Immunosuppression)
```
Purine analogue
Prodrug
Plasma esterase -> mycophenolic acid
Selective, uncompetitive, and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase -> Inhibits the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis
Specific to T & B lymphocytes
```
274
Methotrexate (Immunosuppression)
Folic acid antagonist
| Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
275
Mexiletine (Class I B antiarrhythmic)
Inhibits the inward sodium current req. for the initiation & conduction of impulses -> reducing the rate of rise of the AP, Phase 0. It achieves this reduced sodium current by inhibiting sodium channels.
Decreases the effective refractory period
276
Mannitol (Osmotic diuretic)
Elevates blood plasma osmolality, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues, incl. the brain & CSF, into interstitial fluid & plasma.
277
Menbutone (Hepatoprotectant)
Cholagogue
Stimulates the hepato-digestive activity in case of digestive disorders & hepatic insufficiency by increasing bile, pancreatic & peptic secretion between 2 to 5 times their normal values
278
Methionine (Hepatoprotectant)
Tx for hepatic lipidosis
| Methyl donor -> optimise live function Lipotropic agents Mechanism unclear
279
Mirtazapine (Appetite stimulant & SSRI)
Best appetite stim. esp. in cats
| Not fully described but likely antagonises 5-HT2c receptor
280
Metoclopramide (Antiemetic)
Dopamine antagonist
| DO NOT GIVE TO MDR-1 gene breeds
281
Maropitant (Antiemetic)
Neurokinin-1 antagonist
| Acts on P-substance too
282
Magnesium oxide (Antiulcer)
Neutralises acids
| Mild laxative
283
Magnesium hydroxide (Antiulcer)
Coats mucosa
284
Magnesium Sulphate (Osmotic laxative)
Retain water in the GIT lumen
285
Montmorillonite (Adsorbent)
Antidiarrheal
286
Melatonin (Hormone)
Sleep-wake cycle
287
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Progestogen)
Inhibits the production of gonadotropin, preventing follicular maturation and ovulation
288
Megestrol acetate (Progestogen)
Inhibits the production of gonadotropin, preventing follicular maturation and ovulation
289
Methimazole (Hormone)
Tx Hyperthyroidism
Interferes (or compete) with thyroid peroxidase
(early step of thyroid hormone synthesis)
290
Meropenem (Carbapenem)
```
Gr + & -
PBP binding
Interrupts P Glycan synthesis
Interrupts cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal
Kills all
```
291
Minocycline (TTC)
```
30S Ribo subunit inhibitor
Long acting
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal at high conc.
In urine Aerobic & anaerobic
G+ & -
```
292
Mupirocin (Antibiotic)
Bacteriostatic
8x normal dose -> bactericidal
Reversibly inhibits isoleucyl tRNA synthetase -> protein synthesis deceases
G+ cocci
293
Marbofloxacin (FQ)
```
Gen. 2b
G- & G+
Pseudomonas
IC pathogens
Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA enzyme complexes of type II topoisomerase (DNA Gyrase in G-) & IV topoisomerase in G+
Conc. Dependent Bactericidal & PAE
```
294
Metronidazole (Anti-protozoa)
DO NOT ADMIN TO FPA
Ferredoxin oxireductase reduces its nitro group into nitro radical
Inhibits protein synthesis by interacting with DNA & causing a loss of helical DNA structure & strand breakage
295
Mitoxantrone (Antineoplastic)
Intercalates into DNA through H-bonding, causes crosslinks & strand breaks. Interferes with RNA & is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase II, an enzyme responsible for uncoiling & repairing damaged DNA
296
Masitinib (Antineoplastic)
Specific tyrosine-kinase inhibitor that targets the c-Kit pathway
Exerts direct antiproliferative actions on mast cells through disruption of the stem cell factor
Mast cell tumour Tx
297
Miconazole (Anti-fungal)
Topical
| Inhibits 14α-sterol demethylase preventing ergosterol forming from lanosterol
298
Monensin (Anticoccidial)
Monensin consists of 3 furan rings & 2 pyran rings. The rings are arranged in a circle with their polar oxygen atoms pointing to the cation that is buried at the centre, partially screening its electric charge. The hydrophobic regions of the rings, face outwards & mediate the interaction of the ion with the lipid bilayer.
Basically Na+ influx -> proton exchange for sodium leading to acidosis & K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> death
299
Maduramicin (Anticoccidial)
DO NOT admin with Tiamulin
Na+ influx -> proton exchange for sodium leading to acidosis & K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> death
300
Miltefosine (Anti-protozoal)
Tx Leishmania
Inhibits cytochrome-c oxidase leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis-like cell death
Anticancer & Antimicrobial
301
Methylene blue
Fungicide (Fish medicine)
302
Malachite green
Fungicide & antiparasitic (Fish medicine)
303
Mebendazole (Anthelmintic)
BZ Carbamate
AN AC
Inhibition of tubulin polymerisation by binding to the colchicine sensitive site of the tubulin -> degenerative effect on the tegument & intestinal cells of the worm
Inhibit cellular transports & energy metabolism.
304
Moxidectin (Endectocide – Macrocyclic lactone)
Potentiation of inhibitory transmitters by binding to glutamate & GABA gated chloride channel recc. in nematode & arthropod nerve cells -> channels open -> influx of Cl- -> paralysis of pharynx, body walls & the uterine muscles of nematodes
AN & Arthropods
305
Methoprene (Ectoparasiticide)
Juvenile hormone analogue
Inhibit larval development
Found in digested blood -> larva food
If they survive -> deformed
306
Neomycin (AG)
```
Incorrect protein synthesis
30S ribo. Subunit.
Oxidative stress -> lipid peroxidation -> RNA structural damage
Conc. Dependent bactericidal
Most toxic AG
Aerobic Gram Negs Staphylococcus (G+)
Fastidious
PAE
```
307
Neostigmine (Indirect parasympathomimetic)
Inhibits AChE -> Cholinergic Effect
Myasthenia gravis Tx, Increase intestinal motility
Antagonise competitive neuromuscular blocking agents e.g., Rocuronium
308
Naloxone (Opioid)
Full μ-antagonist
309
Nitenpyram (Ectoparasiticide)
Neonicotinoid insecticide (ACh agonist) -> 560x greater affinity to nACh recc. of parasites -> paralysis and death
310
Norepinephrine (Sympathomimetic & Catecholamine)
α-1 agonist & β-1 agonist
| α-2 presynaptic neuron -> sleep & wakefulness Vasoconstriction
311
Nitro-glycerine (Vasodilator)
NTG -> NO -> Guanylate cyclase activated -> cGMP -> Activates kinase dependent phosphorylation -> SM relaxation -> Vasodilation
Decreases after- & preload
312
Nimesulide (NSAID)
COX-2 selective
| Platelet activating factor
313
Na-chromoglycate (Chromone)
Inhibit mast cell degranulation
314
Nandrolole (Anabolic Steroid)
Appetite stim., haematopoiesis, weight gain
315
Nitrofurantoin (Nitrofuran)
Conc. Dependent Bactericidal Nitrofuran-reductase -> toxic metabolite -> DNA, RNA destroyed
Gram Negs, Coccidia, some Protozoa
316
Natamycin (Antifungal & Polyene AB)
```
Fungistatic and fungicidal at lower pH
K+ efflux, H+ influx -> Acidic pH
Disrupt membrane by binding to an ergosterol binding site -> permeability change YEAST
DO NOT inject IV -> Toxic
Local treatment
```
317
Naftifine (Antifungal)
Allylamine
| Squalene epoxidase inhibitor -> No conversion of squalene to lanosterol
318
Nystatin (Antifungal)
Fungistatic and fungicidal at lower pHK+ efflux, H+ influx -> acidic pH Membrane disruption by binding ergosterol binding site -> permeability change
319
Narasin (Chemoprophylaxis Ionophore Anticoccidial)
Monovalent
Eimeria, Toxoplasma, G+ cocci, Campylobacter etc
Poultry
Form lipophilic complexes with alkali metals cations -> alteration in transport processes -> Na+ influx is increased -> proton exchange for sodium leading to acidosis and K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> cell death
320
Nicarbazin (Anti-coccidial)
Carbanilide deriv. Poultry
CHPR
Unknown mechanism of action
Coccidiostat
321
Netobimin (Anthelmintic)
```
Prodrug of Albendazole
Probenzimidazole
AC, AT (AN when converted to Alben.)
Converted in Liver
Can be injected
1o : Inhibit tubulin polymerisation
2o: Inhibit cellular transport and energy metabolism
```
322
Niclosamide (Anthelmintic)
Salicylanilides
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation process, H+ ions leak in, Vermicidal
AC - Tapeworms
323
Omeprazole (PPI)
Bind to the cysteine via disulphide bridges on the alpha subunit of the H+/ K+ ATPase pump, inhibiting gastric acid secretion
324
Oclacitinib (JAK inhibitor)
Inhibits JAK-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 & IL-31
325
Oxytocin (Hormone)
Synthesised in Hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. Positive feedback. Oxytocin will bind to the oxytocin receptors on the myometrium leading to increased IC calcium in myofibrils -> contraction
326
Oxyclozanide (Anthelmintic)
Salicylanilides. AT, AN.
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation processes. Allow hydrogen ions to leak through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Vermicidal.
327
Oxfendazole (Anthelmintic)
Fenbendazole sulphoxide.
BZ Carbamate.
Inhibit tubulin polymerisation by binding to the colchicine sensitive site of tubulin, leading to degenerative alterations in tegument and the intestinal cells of the worm.
328
Oseltamivir (Anti-viral)
Prodrug. Neuraminidase inhibitor.
Influenza
Orally, Parvovirus
329
Ortho-phenylphenol (Fungicide & Disinfectant)
Bactericidal and virucidal.
330
Ondansetron (Antiemetic)
Most potent antiemetic.
| 5-HT antagonist (CTZ & Vagus Nerve & GI Tract)
331
Oxytetracycline (Natural TTC)
Bacteriostatic. Short-acting.
Inhibit 30S ribo. Subunit.
High conc. -cidal functional integrity of cell membrane is lost, only in urine -> UTI
332
OrganoPhophates (Parasympathomimetic)
Irreversible inhibition of AChE. SLUDGE signs
333
Oxymetazoline (Sympathomimetic)
α-adrenoceptor agonist (α1 mainly). Reduces nasal congestion via vasoconstriction
334
Oxycodone (Opioid)
Full μ agonist
335
Oxybuprocaine (Ester LA)
Block Na+ channels -> Block AP gen.
336
Olsalazine (Anti-inflammatory)
Cleaved in the intestine into 5-aminosalicylic acid (Mesalamine) by gut bacteria. Exact mechanism is unknown and used to treat dogs with chronic colitis.
337
Procaine (LA)
Blocks Na Channels
338
Phenylbutazone (NSAID)
DO NOT admin to Dobermann Pinscher
Mainly used in Horses
Acidic
Binds and inactivated prostaglandin H synthase & prostacyclin synthase through peroxide mediated deactivation
339
Paracetamol (NSAID)
COX-3 inhibitor
| Found the CNS and produces PGs -> pyrexia and pain sensitisation
340
Phenobarbital (Antiepileptic)
Do not use in liver disease -> reactive oxygen spp.
Autoinduction in Fe
GABAA agonist -> increasing synaptic inhibition -> increased seizure threshold
341
Propionyl promazine (Phenothiazine)
```
D2
mACh
H1
α- adrenoceptor 5-HT
Antagonist of all
```
342
Promethazine (Phenothiazine)
```
D2
mACh
H1 (increased effect)
α- adrenoceptor
5-HT (anti effect)
Antagonist of all
```
343
Pentobarbital (Antiepileptic)
Barbiturate Overdose -> Euthanasia GABAA Receptor Agonist
344
Pilocarpine (Direct Parasympathomimetic)
ACh agonist
345
Physostigmine (Indirect parasympathomimetic)
Inhibit AChE -> increased ACh levels
346
Pyridostigmine (Indirect parasympathomimetic)
Inhibit AChE -> increased ACh levels
347
Phenylpropanolamine (Specific sympathomimetic)
Mainly acts on α-1 receptor (agonist)
348
Phenylephrine (Specific sympathomimetic)
Mainly acts on α-1 receptor (agonist)
349
Propranolol (Sympatholytic)
Non-specific β-antagonist
350
Prazosin (Sympatholytic)
Specific α-1 antagonist -> urethra sphincter relaxation
351
Phenoxybenzamine (Sympatholytic)
Non-specific α-antagonist -> urethra sphincter relaxation
| Long Duration Of Action
352
Propentofylline (Methylxanthine)
Derivative of theophylline
| Positive inotrope and chronotrope Inhibits PDE Antagonist of A2 receptors Used as a bronchodilator Give b.i.d.
353
Potassium bromide (antiepileptic)
Use with PB or alone in mild cases Act on GABAA Receptor -> opening cl- ion channels (Bromide is like Chlorine) Non-specific -> inhibits the nerve
No metabolism needed
DO NOT give to cats
Very long half life
354
Pancuronium (Peripheral myorelaxant)
Amino steroid
Competitive neuromuscular blocking agent Liver metabolism
No His release
Long DOA
No CVS effect & no Norepi release Decreased blood coagulation -> heparin release from mast cells
Mydriasis in birds
355
Prilocaine (LA)
Blocks Na Channels
| Most rapid clearance
356
Piroxicam (NSAID)
Oxicam
Used in human medicine -> bladder and prostate tumours
COX inhibitor (2 preferred)
357
Prednisolone (GC)
Inactive form -> activated in the liver Middle long acting Transcortin bound
Shock Tx
1. Inhibits phospholipase A” on cell membranes -> prevents breakdown of lysosomal membranes -> decreased COX & lipoxygenase or PG synthesis
2. Decrease vascular permeability
3. Inhibits IL production
358
Pimecrolimus (Immunosuppressant)
Cytokine gene expression inhibitor
Calcineurin inhibitor
Local atopic dermatitis, KCS
359
Procainamide (Class I. A Arrhythmic)
DO NOT give to heart failure patients -> neg. inotropic & arrhythmogenic
Treats ventricular anaemias
Na channel blocker Open -> inactive state
360
Pimobendane (PDE inhibitor)
Phosphodiesterase (3) inhibitor -> cAMP accumulates in myocardial cells -> Ca2+ conc. Increases -> positive inotropic effect Arterial and venodilation -> decreases water content -> decreases preload
DO NOT give to patient with a stenosis
361
Prazosin (Sympatholytic)
α-1 antagonist
Urethra sphincter relaxation
Dilates vessels
362
Protamine (Heparin antagonist)
Antagonises heparin -> binds to heparin and creates a salt
363
Propofol (GA)
General anaesthetic -> induction GABAA agonist
Short acting
Appetite stim.
364
Prucalopride (Prokinetic)
Affects the entire GIT
No arrhythmic effect
Selective stim. of 5-HT4 rec. No interaction with hERG channel or 5-HT1 rec which significantly reduces the CVS risk found in other similar drugs.
365
Pantoprazole (PPI)
Prodrug -> activated in parietal cells of the mucosa
Inhibit CYP
Form disulphide bonds with cysteine on the gastric acid pump inhibiting it.
366
Potassium citrate (Osmotic laxative)
Retains water in the lumen of the GI
DO NOT give to dehydrated animal
Can be given rectally too
367
Phenolphthalein (Stimulant laxative)
Stimulate SM contraction
| Red or pink faeces discolouration and urine also NOT for severe constipation -> perforation
368
Proligeston (Progestogen)
Weak gestagen
Act like progesterone
Has antigonadotrophic effects in cats and dogs
369
Procaine benzylpenicillin (Narrow spectrum penicillin)
PBP binding
Inhibit PGlycan synthesis Disrupt cell wall -> bactericidal Most G+
Gram – fastidious + Leptospira Borrelia spp. and anaerobes Piglets are sensitive -> no enzyme to breakdown procaine
Eq doping register
370
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Narrow spectrum penicillin)
Primarily used in poultry
Clostridium is sensitive
Necrotic enteritis
PBP binding
Inhibit PGlycan synthesis
Disrupt cell wall -> bactericidal Most G+
Gram – fastidious + Leptospira Borrelia spp. and anaerobes
371
Piperacillin (Pseudomonas active penicillin)
Active against Beta lactamase
PBP binding
Inhibit PGlycan synthesis
Disrupt cell wall -> bactericidal Most G+
Gram – fastidious + Leptospira Borrelia spp. and anaerobes
372
Polymyxin B (Polymyxin)
Conc. Dependent bactericidal Interact with cell membrane of bacteria & disrupt their permeability & function (Cationic detergent action Antiendotoxin also
Gr – only
Pseudomonas active
His releaser
373
Pradofloxacin (FQ – 4th gen)
G+, G-, Pseudomonas, Anaerobes, IC pathogen Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA – enzyme complex of type II topoisomerase (G- DNA Gyrase) and type IV topoisomerase in G+
374
Posaconazole (Antifungal)
Triazole
| Inhibit 14α-sterol demethylase Prevents lanosterol converting to ergosterol
375
Ponazuril (Anti-coccidial)
Sulphone metabolite of toltrazuril
Active against all IC stages – asexual stages of coccidia by inhibiting nuclear division of schizonts & microgamonts
-cidal
Inhibits sporulation
376
Paromomycin (Anti-protozoa)
AG antibiotic
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 16S ribosomal RNA Anti-leishmania (combine with Na- stibogluconate)
-> interferes with parasite mitochondrial activity
Crypto, amoeba and histomonas
377
Povidone iodine (Disinfectant)
Iodophor
| Bacteria, viruses & fungi, less so against spores
378
Peracetic acid (Antiseptic)
Bacteria, viruses, fungi and yeast
| Not inactivated by peroxidase or catalase
379
Potassium permanganate (Antiseptic)
Oxidative Algaecide, virucide
380
Pyrantel (Anthelmintic)
Tetrahydropyrimidines Cholinomimetic activity, ganglion stimulant, interact with nerve transmission leading to spastic paralysis
AN (Except migrating larvae & Trichuris spp) Only in Horses: AC -> tapeworm
381
Praziquantel (Anthelmintic)
Induce spastic paralysis in the parasite Interfere with IC Ca2+ conc., impairing motility & function of the suckers of cestodes
AC -> Tapeworms
Echinococcus spp. AT -> Tropical blood fluke
NO AN EFFECT
382
Phoxim (Organophosphate)
Large animals
DO NOT use in Felines
Contact poison
Irreversibly inhibit AChE -> Accumulation of ACh is toxic
mACh rec -> Heart, eyes and bronchiole -> constriction nACh -> Muscles -> tremors etc
CNS -> Convulsions
Atropine!!!!!
383
Propoxur (Ectoparasiticide)
Carbamate
Fleas and ticks
Collars, aerosols and shampoos Inhibit AChE
Irreversibly inhibit AChE -> Accumulation of ACh is toxic
mACh rec -> Heart, eyes and bronchiole -> constriction nACh -> Muscles -> tremors etc
CNS -> Convulsions
384
Permethrin (Ectoparasiticide)
Pyrethroids
Open sodium channelsàconstant depolarisation “knock down effect” Repellent and contact poison
Resistance is common in fleas
Flies
Cats can be sensitive -> Collars and spot ons available
385
Pyriproxyfen (Ectoparasiticide)
Juvenile hormone analogue
Does not work on adults
Inhibit larval development or if they survive, they will be deformed
Active in digested blood -> Larva food
386
Quinidine (Class I.A Antiarrhythmic)
Negative inotropic
DO NOT admin in heart failure
Can have anticholinergic effects Na-channel blockers (membrane stabilisers) Increases? Effective refractory period
387
Robenacoxib (NSAID)
COX-2 Selective inhibitor
| Only Coxib licensed for cats
388
Rifampin (Rifamycin)
Prophylaxis of meningococcal disease Tuberculosis Tx and other Mycobacteria Bactericidal (Conc. Dependent)
Inhibit bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by binding to the β subunit of the polymerase
Gram +
Some non-enteric gram negs
Induces liver microsomal enzymes & enhances the metabolism of other drugs such as anti- coagulants, contraceptives and corticosteroids
Red orange faeces, urine, tears and sweat
389
Ranitidine (Gastric Acid Inhibitor and Prokinetic drug)
H2-antagonist
| Mild AChE inhibitor -> cholinergic effect -> increased motility
390
Ranevetmab (Anti-NGF Monoclonal antibody)
Stops NGF binding to TrkA receptor
391
Romfinidine (α2-agonist)
α2-agonist
392
Rocuronium (Myorelaxant – Intermediate)
Selectively antagonise nACh recc., preventing endogenous ACh binding & subsequent muscle cell depolarisation
393
Ramipril (ACE inhibitor)
Prodrug of ramiprilat
| Inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, preventing vasoconstriction
394
Ropinirole (Emetic)
Eye drop
D2 rec agonist -> CTZ
Can be readministered after 20 mins
395
Ronidazole (Nitroimidazole)
In anaerobic conditions, toxic metabolites e.g., nitro group, destroy the DNA of bacteria or protozoa
Ferredoxin
Obligate anaerobes e.g., fusobacterium Protozoa e.g., Giardia
Bactericidal
396
Selegiline (Anti-depressant)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
397
Salbutamol (Specific Sympathomimetic)
Short – acting β-2 agonist
398
Salmeterol (Specific Sympathomimetic)
Long – acting β-2 agonist
399
Suxamethonium (Depolarising muscle blocking agent) (Succinylcholine)
1. Stimulates opening of nACh rec. channels causing depolarisation of the cell membrane,
2. Persists at the neuroeffector junction, continuously activating the nACh rec. channels, leading to inactivation of voltage – gated Na channels, this then prevents them reopening to support more APs.
400
Sevoflurane (Inhalant anaesthetic)
Binds to GABA receptor (agonist)
401
Sufentanil (Opioid)
μ Agonist
402
Sodium Salicylate (NSAID)
COX-2 Selective (Calves, Swine & Poultry)
403
Sulfasalazine (Systemic SUA)
Ø Cats! Compete w/ Dihydropteroate synthetase, preventing PABA incorporating into Folic acid. IBD Tx
Bacteriostatic
404
Sotalol (β Blocker)
More selective to β-1. Neg. chronotropic & inotropic effects.
Increases refractory period of AV node -> Decreasing HR
405
Spironolactone (Aldosterone Comp. Antagonist)
Inhibits aldosterone dependant Na-K exchange channels in the DCT. Increases Na & H2O excretion -> Antihypertension, may cause hyperkalaemia. CHF Tx
406
Sylimarin/ Sylibinin (Hepatoprotectant)
Antioxidant and decreases lipid peroxidation, stabilises membranes. Increases regeneration Decreases collagen stimulus.
407
Stanozolol (Anabolic Steroid + Appetite Stim.)
Binds to androgen receptor such as Stanozolol
| Binding Protein
408
Sucralfate (Coating Agent, Duodenal ulcers)
Sucrose octa sulphate binds to damaged proteins and inactivates pepsin and bile acids. Aluminium hydroxide acts as an antacid and coating agent.
409
Sodium sulphate (Osmotic Laxative)
Water retention in GI
410
Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate (Osmotic Laxative)
Water retention in GI
411
Sulbactam (β lactamase inhibitor)
Inhibits β Lactamase
412
Streptomycin (Aminoglycoside)
Causes inappropriate protein synthesis, targets the 30S ribo. Subunit. Conc. Dependent Bactericidal
413
Spectinomycin (AG – Aminocyclitol)
Bacteriostatic AG, least toxic, 30S ribo. subunit
414
Spiramycin (Macrolide)
50 S ribo. Subunit, Bacteriostatic
415
Sulfadimidine (Systemic SUA)
Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic
416
Sulfadiazine (Systemic SUA)
Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic
417
Sulfachlorpyridazine (Systemic SUA)
Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic
418
Sulfachlorpyrazine (Systemic SUA)
Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Anti-coccidial and anti-protozoal action. Bacteriostatic
419
Sulfamethoxazole (Systemic SUA)
Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic
420
Sulfadoxine (Systemic SUA)
Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Bacteriostatic
421
Sulfaquinoxaline (Systemic SUA
Short-acting, Prevent PABA incorporating into folic acid as they compete with Dihydropteroate Synthetase. Anti-coccidial and anti-protozoal action. Bacteriostatic
422
Sparfloxacin (3rd Gen. FQ)
Gram + (More pronounced) & -, Pseudomonas & Intracellular organisms.
Inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA-enzyme complexes of type IV Topoisomerase -> Cell death. Conc. Dependent bactericidal and PAE
423
Salinomycin (Anticoccidial)
Ionophore AB.
Form lipophilic complexes with alkali metal cation -> Na+ influx -> proton exchange for Na leading to acidosis and K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> cell death
424
Semduramycin (Anticoccidial)
Ionophore AB.
Form lipophilic complexes with alkali metal cation -> Na+ influx -> proton exchange for Na leading to acidosis and K loss -> osmotic imbalance -> inhibition of mitochondrial function -> cell death
425
Sodium stibogluconate (Pentavalent antimonial)
Leishmania Tx, Toxic in dogs, Interacts w/ purine synthesis of Leishmania, forming toxic ATP.
426
Sodium Hypochlorite (Chlorine Disinfectant)
Bleach. 0.5% solution can be used to irrigate wounds, but it dissolves blood clots and delays clotting.
427
Sodium Dichloroisocyanate (Chlorine disinfectant)
Disinfects drinking water
428
Sodium Hydroxide (Alkali disinfectant)
Caustic alkali disinfectant used against fowl cholera and pullorum disease.
429
Selamectin (Macrocyclic Lactone)
Avermectin. Binds to glutamate and GABA-gate Cl- channel recc. in nematodes and arthropod (Fleas) nerve cells causing potentiation of inhibitory transmitters.
Channels open -> Cl- influx.
Paralyse nematodes.
430
Sarolaner (Endectocide)
Isooxazoline.
| GABA antagonist, glutamate-gated CL- channel antagonist. 1 month action on Ticks and Fleas, mites and demodex also.
431
Triamcinolone (GC – Medium long acting)
1. Inhibits phospholipase A2 on cell membranes, prevents breakdown of
lysosomal membranes of leucocytes -> no arachidonic acid -> decreased COX & lipoxygenase expression -> No leukotriene or PG synthesis.
2. Decrease vascular permeability preventing migration of macrophages
and leucocyte.
3. Inhibits kappa B->Decreased
interleukin prod.
432
Tramadol (Opioid) Full μ-agonist
Full μ-agonist
433
Torsemide (Loop Diuretic)
Loop of Henle
| NKCC (Na+, K+, Cl-) pump inhibition Increased Mg2+ & Ca2+ excretion Mild ani-aldosterone activity Decreases preload
434
Tazobactam (β-Lactamase inhibitor)
Inhibits β-Lactamase “Suicide inhibitor”
435
Thiethylperazine (Phenothiazine)
```
D2-antagonist
mACh-rec antagonist
α-adrenoceptor antagonist
H1 antagonist
5-HT antagonist
```
436
Tetracosactide (ACTH)
Combines with a receptor in the cell membrane of adrenal cells -> increases synthesis of enzymes involved in steroid synthesis Cholesterol -> pregnenolone Increased cortisol & corticosterone
437
Trilostane
Selective inhibition of 3-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
| Decreased steroid hormone production, androgen & oestrogen metabolism Involved with Cushing’s Syndrome
438
Ticarcillin (Pseudomonas active penicillin)
Active against β-lactamase
Binds to PBP -> Disrupts cell wall due to decreased PGlycan synthesis
Time Dependent Bactericidal Anaerobic bacteria, G+ & G- Reserved for human use
439
Tobramycin (AG)
Conc. Dependent bactericidal Interrupts normal protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribo. Subunit
Oxidative stress -> Lipid peroxidation -> RNA structural damage Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is sensitive
PAE
Gram negative Aerobic Staphylococcus (G+)
440
Tropicamide (Parasympatholytic)
```
mACh antagonist (non-selective)
Inhibits pupil constrictor muscle
```
441
Theophylline (Methylxanthine)
Antagonist of adenosine A2 receptors
| Inhibits PDE
442
Tulathromycin (New Macrolide)
```
Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc.
Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit
Longest DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious Clostridium except C. difficile Not for lactating animals
```
443
Thiopental (Ultra short acting barbiturate)
DO NOT readminister
Binds to GABAA Receptor.
Increase CL- ionophore opening
444
Tetracaine (LA)
Blocks Na+ channels
| Ester type
445
Tubocurarine (Myorelaxant)
Long acting
Competitive neuromuscular block (nACh)
*His release*
446
Tacrolimus (Immunosuppressant)
*T cells only*
Calcineurin inhibitoràprevents IL-2 expression.
Mastocyte inhibition + decreased IL & TNF-α expression
447
Tetracycline (TTC)
Bacteriostatic
-CIDAL in urine
Short acting
Passively passes through porin channels & inhibits 30S ribo. Subunit and inhibits protein synthesis
Aerobic & anaerobic, G+ & G- Mycoplasma v sensitive to TTCs Rickettsia & Chlamydophilae first line of defence
Resistance common
448
Tildipirosin (New Macrolide)
Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc. Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit Long DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious Clostridium except C. difficile Mycoplasmas are not sensitive Fastidious +++
449
Tylvalosin (New Macrolide)
Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc. Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit Longest DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious Clostridium except C. difficile
Mycoplasma +++ Fastidious +
Used in Swine and Avian Lawsonia intracellularis Swine dysentery.
450
Tylosin (Macrolide)
```
Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc.
Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit
Longest DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious Clostridium except C. difficile Lawsonia intracellularis in Pigs
Tylvalosin is better
```
451
Tilmicosin
Bacteriostatic
-Cidal at high conc. Inhibits 50S ribo. Subunit Longest DOA
G+, Anaerobic, Fastidious
DO NOT give IM or IV Cardiotoxic in Su, Goats and Ho Mycoplasma
452
Tannic acid (Adstringent)
Vasoconstriction (α-1 rec)
Albumin bound
Prevents Dx
453
Teicoplanin (Glycopeptide)
Inhibit PGlycan synthesis. Destroy cell wall. Gram + cocci. Time dependent bactericidal (Enterobacteriaceae - bacteriostatic close) Bind to transglycosidase
454
Trimethoprim (DAP)
Inhibits dihydropteroate reductase converting Dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid -> prevents purine formation -> No DNA Anti-protozoal
Bacteriostatic
G+ & G-
DO NOT give to horse IV -> Death
455
Tinidazole (5-nitroimidazole)
DO NOT give to FPA,
Prodrug
Antiprotozoal
Converted to metronidazole by ferredoxin oxireductase
Produces a free radical, damaging DNA -> Cell death
456
Telmisartan (Angiotensin II receptor inhibitor)
Angiotensin II inhibition
| No bradykinin effect
457
Timolol (Sympatholytic)
Non-specific β-antagonist
458
Tegaserod (Prokinetic drug)
Serotonin agonist
459
Trypan Blue (Antiseptic)
Azo dye
| Gram -
460
Tiamulin (Pleuromutilin)
```
Bacteriostatic
50S ribo. Subunit
DO NOT admin with ionophore anticoccidials -> LETHAL
G+, Fastidious +
Mycoplasma +++
```
461
Triclabendazole (Anthelmintic)
Halogenated BZ carbamate
| AT Only: F. hepatica
462
Tigemonam (Monobactam)
G–
Pseudomonas
Β-lactamase resistant
Disrupt cell wall synthesis -> PBP binding Bactericidal
463
Theobromine (Xanthine deriv)
Inhibits PDE & Adenosine A2 rec. antagonist
464
Thiamphenicol (Phenicol)
```
Poultry
50S ribo. Subunit
Bacteriostatic
G+ & G-
Aerobic and Anaerobic
DOES NOT cover Pseudomonas Mycoplasma, rickettsia & chlamydia but TTC 1st choice
```
465
Tetramethrin (Ectoparasiticide)
```
1st gen. pyrethroid
Opens Na+ channels -> constant depolarisation -> “Knock down effect”
Fleas are resistant
Effective in ticks
Contact poison and repellent
```
466
Tiletamine (injectable anaesthetic)
NMDA rec. antagonist
467
Toceranib (Antineoplastic)
Specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor
| Carcinomas & Mast Cell tumours
468
Trifluridine (Antiviral)
Pyrimidine analogue.
Inhibit DNA polymerase
Defective protein synthesis DNA viruses only
469
Tincture of Iodine (Disinfectant)
2% I & 2.4% NaI in 50% ethanol
| G+, G-, Spores, Fungi & viruses
470
Terbutaline (Sympathomimetic)
Long acting β-2 agonist -> Increase cAMP
471
Toltrazuril (Anticoccidial)
```
Triazine deriv.
1. Inhibits nuclear division of schizonts
and macrogamonts
2. Inhibits wall-forming bodies of
macrogamonts
3. Inhibits sporulation.
```
472
Terbinafine (Antifungal)
Squalene-epoxidase inhibitor.
| No conversion of squalene to lanosterol
473
Trypan red (Dye)
Azo dye
| G-
474
Ursodeoxycholic acid (Hepatoprotectant)
Decrease biliary cholesterol by suppressing hepatic synthesis of cholesterol & inhibiting
internal absorption preventing cholesterol gallstones
475
Vecuronium (Myorelaxant)
nACh rec antagonist at post-junctional membrane of the myoneural junction -> No muscle contraction
476
Valsartan (Angiotensin II rec antagonist)
Angiotensin II antagonist
477
Vedaprofen (NSAID)
COX-2 selective NSAID used in Eq
478
Voriconazole (Antifungal)
14α-sterol demethylase inhibitor Prevents lanosterol converting to ergosterol -> membrane disfunction
479
Valnemulin (Pleuromutilin)
50S ribosome subunit inhibitor -> No protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic
DO NOT combine with an anticoccidial ->lethal (Respiratory depression)
Gram +
480
Vinblastine (Antineoplastic)
Inhibits microtubule polymerisation by binding to tubulin subunits
TCC & Mastocytoma
481
Vincristine (Anti-Neoplastic)
Inhibits microtubule polymerisation by binding to tubulin subunits
Lymphoma & Sarcoma
482
Vancomycin (Natural Glycopeptide)
Bactericidal
Enterococci -> Bacteriostatic Inhibits PGlycan synthesis -> destroys cell membrane
Gram + & Cocci
483
Vidarabine (Antiviral)
Competitively inhibits DNA polymerase. Herpesvirus, DNA viruses only
484
Verapamil (Anti-arrhythmic – Class IV)
Ca2+ channel blocker
Neg. inotropic effect. Ca2+ channel (L-type) inhibitor. Refractory period of AV node is increased-> slows conduction
SM relaxation also
485
Xanthacridine (Antiseptic)
Acridine dye
| Gram +
486
Xylazine (α-2 agonist)
α-2 agonist
487
Xylometazoline (Specific sympathomimetic)
α-adrenoceptor agonist (Mainly alpha 1 -> Vasoconstriction)
488
Yohimbine
α-2 adrenergic antagonist
489
Zolazepam (BDZ)
Combo with Ketamine -> Ataranalgesia Amplifies the inhibitory activity of GABA by eliciting a structural alteration in the GABA- receptor complex -> Cl- channels open (Positive allosteric modulator)
490
Zileuton (Respiratory drug)
Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase -> leukotriene
| synthesis reduces -> LTC4, LTD4 & LTE4
491
Zidovudine (Antiviral)
Binds to reverse transcriptase & inhibits RNA – DNA transcription
492
Zafirlukast (Respiratory drug)
Leukotriene antagonist
