mechanisms

Question 1

polyamides

Answer 1

• dicarboxylic acid
• diamine

Question 2

acid hydrolysis

Answer 2

breaks an ester into
- carboxylic acid
- alcohol

• reflux
• dilute sulfuric acid
• excess of water (due to reverse reaction)

Question 3

polyester

Answer 3

• dicarboxylic acid
• diol

Question 4

Forming the electrophile for friedel crafts acylation

Answer 4

acyl chloride isn’t strong enough to break delocalised ring
so AlCl3 acts as a hydrogen carrier

RCOCl + AlCl3 = RCO+ + AlCl4-

Question 5

halogenoalkane to ammonia

Answer 5

nucleophilic substitution

• heat
• ethanolic
• excess ammonia

Question 6

dipeptide to monomers

Answer 6

hydrolysis

• 6M HCl
• hot
• aqueous
• heat and reflux
• for 24 hours

Question 7

forming soap

Answer 7

veg oils / animal fats = soap, glycerol and fatty acids

• heat
• NaOH

Question 8

dipeptide

Answer 8

2 amino aids
condensation polymerisation

Question 9

alkene to halogenoalkane

Answer 9

electrophilic addition

• HBr

Question 10

acyl chloride to amide

Answer 10

nucleophilic addition-elimination

• ammonia
• at room temperature

Question 11

halogenoalkane to alkene

Answer 11

elimination

• ethanolic OH- ions
• heat
• reflux

Question 12

benzene to nitrobenzene

Answer 12

electrophilic substitution

• warm
• for mononitration, keep below 55C

Question 13

aldehyde to alcohol

Answer 13

nucleophilic addition

• NaBH4
• dissolved in water
• with methanol

Question 14

halogenoalkane to nitrile

Answer 14

nucleophilic substitution

• heat
• reflux
• ethanolic CN ion

Question 15

what is biodiesel made up of

Answer 15

triester of vegetable oil + methanol

= glycerol + biodiesel

• KOH catalyst

Question 16

alkene to dihalogenoalkane

Answer 16

electrophilic addition

• Br2

Question 17

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

Answer 17

nucleophilic addition-elimination

• cold water

Question 18

base hydrolysis

Answer 18

breaks an ester into
- carboxylate ion
- alcohol

• reflux
• dilute alkali

Question 19

alkene to alcohol

Answer 19

hydration

• steam
• phosphoric (V) acid catalyst
• 300C
• 60 atm

Question 20

poly amide to monomers

Answer 20

hydrolysis

= dicarboxylic acid and diamine

Question 21

nitrile to primary amine

Answer 21

reduction

1)
- LiAlH4
- non-aqueous (dry ether)
- dilute acid

2)
- H2 gas
- nickel catalyst
- high temperature
- high pressure

Question 22

benzene to phenyl ketone

Answer 22

Friedel crafts acylation

• heat
• reflux
• non aqueous solvent (like dry ether)

Question 23

alkane to halogenoalkane

Answer 23

free radical substitution

• uv light

Question 24

acyl chloride to N-substituted amine

Answer 24

nucleophilic addition-elimination

• primary amine
• at room temperature

Question 25

carbonyl to hydroxynitrile

Answer 25

nucleophilic addition - acidified cyanide ion

Question 26

alkene to alkyl halogen sulfate

Answer 26

electrophilic addition - sulfuric acid - cold - concentrated

Question 27

alcohol to alkene

Answer 27

elimination - heat - concentrated sulfuric acid

Question 28

halogenoalkane to alcohol

Answer 28

nucleophilic substitution - warm - reflux - aqueous OH- ion

Question 29

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Answer 29

reduction - tin catalyst - concentrated HCl - reflux - add NaOH after

Question 30

acyl chloride to ester

Answer 30

nucleophilic addition-elimination - alcohol - at room temperature

Question 31

forming electrophile for nitration of benzene

Answer 31

HNO3 + H2SO4 = H2NO3+ + HSO4 - H2NO3+ = NO2+ + H2O

Question 32

how is an ester formed

Answer 32

esterification carboxylic acid + alcohol - heat - concentrated sulfuric acid

Question 33

polyester to monomers

Answer 33

hydrolysis = dicarboxylic acid and diols

Question 34

alkyl hydrogen sulfate to alcohol

Answer 34

hydrolysis