Mechanisms

Question 0

By ions via gap junctions

Answer 0

Direct

Question 1

What are the Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication?

Answer 1

• Direct
• Paracrine
• Endocrine
• Synaptic

Question 2

By Paracrine factors via the extra cellular fluid

Answer 2

Paracrine

Question 3

By hormones via the blood circulatory system

Answer 3

Endocrine

Question 4

By neurotransmitters across neural junctions

Answer 4

Synaptic

Question 5

What are the Endocrine Glands

Answer 5

Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland 
Pancreas

Question 6

what are the Endocrine Tissues in Organs

Answer 6

Intestines
Kidneys
Liver
Heart
Thymus
Gonads 
Placenta 
Adipose Tissue

Question 7

A very defined structure of Tissues are

Answer 7

Endocrine Glands

Question 8

A group of cells that are found within organs

Answer 8

Endocrine Tissues in Organs

Question 9

Hormones are ___ ____ of various body functions such as _____ and _____. They are ___ into and transported by the blood to affect the ____ of their ____. Hormones are ____ for certain ____ cells because hormones bind to _______ on their target ___.

Answer 9

Chemical regulators; growth; reproduction
Secreted;functions; target cells
Specific; target cell; specific receptors; cell

Question 10

Compounds acting as hormones are classified according to their \_\_\_\_\_\_ as:
1)
2)
3)
4) 
5)

Answer 10

Chemical structure;
Steroids
Monoamines 
Oligopeptides
Glycoproteins
Polypeptides

Question 11

Made from lipids or cholesterol

Answer 11

Steroids

Question 12

Vitamin D is a

Answer 12

Steroid

Question 13

Made from a single amino acid which is modified or repeated

Answer 13

Monoamines

Question 14

A thyroid hormone is

Answer 14

Monoamines

Question 15

Made from 3 - 10 amino acids

Answer 15

Oligopeptides

Question 16

Oxytocin is what

Answer 16

Oligopeptides

Question 17

Made from carbohydrates - proteins complexes

Answer 17

Glycoproteins

Question 18

Luteinizing hormone

Answer 18

Glycoproteins

Question 19

Made from 14-199 amino acids

Answer 19

Polypeptide

Question 20

Insulin and glucagon

Answer 20

Polypeptide

Question 21

What is a hormone receptor

Answer 21

they are protein molecules located on the cell membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus

Question 22

Steroid hormones bind to ____ associated with _____.

Answer 22

Nuclear receptors ; DNA transcription

Question 23

Thyroid hormones bind to _____ on ____ or ____.

Answer 23

Cytoplasmic receptors; mitochondria; ribosome

Question 24

What hormones bind to cell membrane receptors and activate second messenger systems?

Answer 24

All other hormones

Question 25

Hydrophilic

Answer 25

Has a strong attraction to water not fat

Question 26

Hydrophobic

Answer 26

Having little to no attraction to water

Question 27

When blood level of the endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum value, it inhibits secretion of the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones that stimulate the endocrine gland.

Answer 27

Negative Feed back control of secretion

Question 28

When action of an endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum level, it increases the secretion of the hormone that stimulated the action.

Answer 28

Positive Feed Back control of Secretion

Question 29

What is a central area of the basal brain limbic system

Answer 29

The Hypothalamus

Question 30

The Hypothalamus consist of a large number of ____ that modify and control the body functions VIA _____.

Answer 30

Nuclei; The Hypothalamic Hormones

Question 31

What are the hypothalamic hormones

Answer 31

1) GHRH 2) GHIH 3) PRH 4) PIH 5) CRH 6) TRH 7) GnRH 8) OT

Question 32

GHRH

Answer 32

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

Question 33

GHIH

Answer 33

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (somatostatin)

Question 34

PRH

Answer 34

Prolactin Releasing Hormone

Question 35

PIH

Answer 35

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Dopamine)

Question 36

CRH

Answer 36

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 37

TRH

Answer 37

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 38

GnRH

Answer 38

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 39

ADH

Answer 39

Anti diuretic hormone

Question 40

OT

Answer 40

Oxytocin

Question 41

Pituitary Gland

Answer 41

A small gland that is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

Question 42

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland

Answer 42

``` Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) ```

Question 43

____ derived from the neural brain tissue and connects to hypothalamus by the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract axons

Answer 43

Posterior Pituitary

Question 44

____ derived from ectodermal tissue in the roof of the embryonic mouth and connects to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

Answer 44

Anterior Pituitary

Question 45

Oxytocin OT

Answer 45

Made in the hypothalamus then stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary

Question 46

Oxytocin target tissues are the ____ of the reproductive systems in both male and females

Answer 46

Smooth muscle

Question 47

What does oxytocin stimulate

Answer 47

- semen propelling during ejaculation - uterine contractions during labor - milk ejection during nursing

Question 48

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (Vasopressin)

Answer 48

Made in the hypothalamus them stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary

Question 49

ADH target tissues are ___ and ____

Answer 49

Kidneys and blood vessels

Question 50

What does ADH do

Answer 50

- increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to increase blood volume - causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels to increase blood pressure

Question 51

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) secretion is controlled by hypothalamic ____ and ____

Answer 51

GHRH | GHIH

Question 52

hGH targets all cells especially where?

Answer 52

Skeletal and muscle tissues

Question 53

What does hGH stimulate

Answer 53

1) directly stimulates stem cells growth and differentiation | 2) stimulates liver synthesis and release of somatomedins

Question 54

____ mediated growth hormone functions by stimulating stem cells growth and differentiation

Answer 54

Somatomedins

Question 55

What is the result of somatomedins

Answer 55

Results in growth to adulthood and maintenance of skeleton and muscles during adulthood.