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MSS - OPP Exam 2 > Mechanisms of Activating Forces > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Activating Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

somatic dysfunction

A

impaired or altered functions of related components of somatic system

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2
Q

what indicates somatic dysfunction?

A

TART changes

not all TART changes are equal

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3
Q

what predisposes someone to somatic dysfunction?

A 
posture**
gravity
anatomical anomalies
transitional areas** - change in vertebrate
muscle hyperirritability
physiologic locking of joint
adaptation to stressors
trauma
compensation for other structural deficit
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4
Q

viscerosomatic SD

A

rubbery tissue texture change

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5
Q

arthrodial SD

A

bony end feel at restrictive barrier

joint SD**

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6
Q

muscular SD

A

tight, tense end feel

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7
Q

strain/counterstrain SD?

A

tender points have more tenderness

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8
Q

arthrodial SD details?

A

not out of place (subluxed) but won’t complete full ROM

  • say it is restricted
  • tightening of fascia, myofascia, capsular components
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9
Q

two main theories of SD?

A

proprioceptive - proprioception
nociceptive - painful stimulus

**not sure, maybe a combination of the two

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10
Q

proprioceptive theory

A

muscles cause SD
alteration in intrinsic and extrinsic reflexes

inappropriate gamma activity creates imbalanced joint bc of inappropriate muscle length and tone

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11
Q

3 types of neural feedback providing proprioception?

A

1 - primary annulospiral
2 - secondary flower spray ending
3 - golgi tendon organs

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12
Q

primary annulospiral endings

A

transmit info on length/stretch/velocity of muscles

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13
Q

secondary flower spray endings

A

transmit info on length/stretch

**not velocity

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14
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

transmit info on muscle tension

  • contraction induces firing of golgi tendon organs
  • connected in series with extrafusal fibers
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15
Q

muscle spindle?

A

intrafusal fibers in a spindle attached to extrafusal fibers

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16
Q

intrinsic reflex system?

A

involves the muscle spindles

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17
Q

gamma motor neurons

A

intrafusal fibers

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18
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

extrafusal fibers

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19
Q

extrinsic reflex system

A

anterior horn cells of alpha and gamma efferents to muscle receive synaptic impulses from sensory nerves originating in other muscles or organs

important in antagonist/agonist muscle pairs

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20
Q

gamma gain?

A

one of determinants of physiologic motion barrier and barrier of SD

resetting gamma gain my occur via pre or post synaptic inhibition

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21
Q

spinal facilitation

A

asymptomatic areas have increased muscle activity as well as pain and tenderness

a facilitated segment bc it is hyperirritable and hyper responsive
-muscles in this region = hypertonic

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22
Q

somatosomatic reflex

A

defensive reflex

-step on nail, withdraw foot

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23
Q

viscerovisceral reflex

A

signal from organ that goes to another organ

-distension of gut causing increased contraction of gut muscle

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24
Q

somatovisceral reflex

A

stimulation of abdominal skin inhibits activity

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25
viscerosomatic reflex
sense from organ affects muscles | ex/ upper back pain with an MI
26
nociceptive theory
noxious stimulus stimulates nociceptor can either: -activate sympathetic nerves -activate skeletal muscle
27
what can happened with constant contraction of skeletal muscle?
lay down fibrous and scar tissue -bc it is easier for body to maintain shortened muscle by increased connective tissue than simply contracting all the time
28
OMT techniques do what?
actively stretch connective tissue in joint capsules, tendons, muscles, and ligaments in segments of restricted motion **stretching would typically increased proprioceptive and nociceptive drives therefore, OMT must first decrease or override these drives prior to stretching the tissues each technique does this differently
29
HVLA
high velocity low amplitude aka thrust technique a direct technique
30
HVLA best for what?
hard bony end feel - can feel where lock up joint - only forcing a short distance
31
how does HVLA work?
abnormal muscle activity maintains joint restriction treat joint, because it will reflexively reset muscles surrounding it sudden stretch or change in position of joint alters the afferent output of mechanoreceptors in joint capsule, resulting in release of hypertonicity
32
what is the HVLA pop?
release of gas in synovial fluid snap/release of ligament bone pulled out and snapped into neutral position don't need snap, crackle, pop for treatment**
33
indications for HVLA?
firm bony end feel barrier great for short time sicker the patient, less the dose treating same segment with HVLA more than once a week is discouraged (bc of joint hypermobility)
34
absolute contraindications of HVLA?
``` down syndrome rheumatoid arthritis dwarfism chiari malformation fracture/dislocation/spinal or joint instability ankylosis/spondylosis surgical fusion klippel-feil syndrome vertebrobasilar insufficiency inflammatory joint disease joint infection bony malignancy patient refusal ```
35
muscle energy technique?
MET using muscles to correct SD direct technique
36
direct technique
towards barrier
37
indirect technique
away from barrier
38
good for treating edema/congestion?
MET | because muscle contraction for lymphatic and venous circulation
39
steps in MET?
``` find restriction, take to barrier patient applies counterforce have patient relax wait a couple seconds (2-3 seconds) -post-relaxation phase*** move to new barrier repeat until no changes occur ``` reassess
40
isometric
no length change in muscle
41
isotonic
length chain and tone of muscles
42
concentric
muscle shortening (patient wins)
43
eccentric
lengthening of muscle (doc wins)
44
isolytic eccentric
quick movement for fibrotic or chronically shortened myofascial tisues
45
isokinetic
length change at constant velocity
46
post-isometric relaxation
after patient contracts -neuromuscular apparatus in refractory state during which passive stretching may be performed without encountering strong myotatic reflex opposition takes 2-3 seconds for this to occur, so WAIT
47
joint mobilization using muscle force
muscular forces we don't really do that at RVU
48
respiratory assistance
use patient breathing to assist
49
oculocephalogyric reflex
using the eye muscles that affect cervical and truncal muscles
50
reciprocal inhibition
gentle contraction is initiated in agonist, there is reflex relaxation of that muscles antagonistic group
51
crossed extensor reflex
uses cross pattern locomotion in CNS -left bicep dysfunction, treat right bicep when flexor muscle contracted, flexor muscle contralaterally relaxes
52
absolute contraindications for absolute?
absence of SD lack of consent oculocephalogyric reflex - patient had recent surgery or trauma to eye
53
direct MFR
restrictive barrier engaged and tissue loaded until relaxes
54
indirect MFR
dysfunctional tissue guided along path of least resistance
55
MFR absolute contraindications?
absence of SD | lack of consent
56
OCF
osteopathy in cranial field system of diagnosis and treatment by DO using primary respiratory mechanism and balanced membranous tension can be direct or indirect
57
absolute contraindications for OCF?
increased intracranial pressures acute intracranial bleeding skull fracture acute CVA
58
strain/counterstrain technique?
take muscle and find tender point then take muscle to the shortened relaxed phase super shorten muscle - so that the nervous system releases the stimulation allowing it to relax indirect technique**
59
steps for S/CS
10 on pain scale super shorten muscle to level of 3 maintain for 90 seconds passively return to original position**** important recheck
60
what forms a tenderpoint?
inappropriate proprioceptive reflex caused by gamma system rapid lengthening of myofascial tissue - body tries to prevent damage by rapidly contracting - causes antagonist muscle to rapidly lengthen and produces inappropriate reflex and tenderpoint - nociceptive feedback from antagonist muscle interpreted as muscle strain - hypertonic myofascial tissue and restricted motion (SD) **guarding reflex by patient may also produce reflex
61
tenderpoints in fascial or ligaments?
trauma causes damage to myofascial tissues nociceptors alert CNS muscle fatigue due to decreased cellular metabolism tenderpoint formation
62
absolute contraindications for S/CS
absence of SD | lack of consent
63
lymphatic technique
designed to remove impediment to lymphatic circulation and promote flow of lymph a direct technique
64
lymphatic technique mechanisms
any treatment reducing fascial restriction can improve lymph flow
65
steps in lymphatic technique
start centrally and move peripherally
66
absolute contraindications for lymphatic technique
aneuresis if not on dialysis necrotizing fasciitis (in area involved) lack of consent
67
soft tissue technique
direct technique stretching, pressure, traction, separation of muscle while monitoring changes by palpation
68
stretching
traction forces along longitudinal axis
69
kneading
forces along perpendicular axis (bowstring)
70
inhibition
forces superficial to deep over specific area of tension (tender point)
71
effleurage
lymphatic treatment superficially distal > proximal peripheral > central
72
petrissage and skin rolling
deep kneading and skin rolling | -breaks adhesive bands from skin to deeper tissue
73
tapotement
repetitively striking muscle belly with hypothenar edge of hand (karate chop!)
74
absolute contraindications for soft tissue technique?
absence of SD | lack of consent

MSS - OPP Exam 2 (10 decks)

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