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Patho Final > Mechanisms of Infectious Disease, chap. 14 > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Infectious Disease, chap. 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Mutualism

A

both the host and the microorganism benefit.

humming bird and plant

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2
Q

Parasitic

A

Only the infecting organism benefits

Typically the host does not die

“infectious” means the host sustains injury or pathological damage

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3
Q

Virulence

A

disease producing potential

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

very virulent microorganisms. Rarely found in the absence of disease

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5
Q

Saprophyte

A

Environmental organisms that feed off of dead/decaying material (maggots). Usually fungi

Harmless to humans, but can be opportnistic organisms if host immune system is compromised

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6
Q

Commensal Flora

A

Gut flora.

Over 300 diff species if bacteria live in the large intest

bacterial and fungi live on our skin

mouth and pharynx contain many bacteria

vagina contains acid-producing bacteria

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7
Q

Prions

A

Agent of Infection

Abnormally shaped proteins that cause normal proteins to change their shape and this become new prions. Proteins that attack other proteins and turn them into self

Doesnt reproduce. turns others into self

cause neurodegenerating disease of the CNS
Ex. Creutzfeld- Jacob diseasesome

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8
Q

Viruses are:

A

> small with no organized cell structure
incapable or replicating outside a living cell
Protein coat surrounded by a nucleic acid core
some have lipoprotein envelope, which is why we can treat some but not others
it inserts genome into host cells DNA, ten uses cells energy from other living cells to replicate.
Grouped by: size, composition, replication,transmission, resulting disease, envelope, double/single strand DNA/RNA

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9
Q

Latent Virus

A

Enter cell and insert genome, remain dormant until stimulated. Wait until defenses and low
Ex. herpes virus and shingles

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10
Q

Oncogenic Virus

A

Can transform host cell to malignant cells during replication

Ex. HPV, Epstein-Barr, Hep B

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11
Q

Influenza Viruses

A

H1N1, H3N2

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12
Q

Retrovirus group

A

Unique replication

Ex. HIV/AIDS

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13
Q

Enterovirus

A

Single strand RNA virus

Common: saliva, mucous, stool

Ex. Poliomyelitis

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14
Q

Bacteria are:

A

Small simple structure– cytoplasm covering that is susceptible to antibacterials

Can live independently, but uses organisms nutrients

Contains both DNA and RNA

Flagella and Pili

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15
Q

Bacteria:

Streptococci

Diplococci

Staphylococci

A

Strep- divide into chains

Diplo- divide into pairs

Staph- divide into clusters

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16
Q

Bacteria biofilm

A

structured community of bacteria

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17
Q

bacteria spores

A

group waiting for stimulation to replicate

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18
Q

bacteria aerobic

A

rqrs O2

19
Q

bacteria anaerobic

A

hates too much O2

20
Q

bacteria facilitatively anaerobic

A

can adapt to O2 rich environments. More adaptable and stronger

21
Q

Gram +/gram -

A

stain red/blue

22
Q

bacteria 3:

  1. acid-fast bacilli
A

do not stain

23
Q

bacteria 3:

  1. Spirocets
A

Helical, long bacteria

24
Q

bacteria 3:

  1. Mycoplasma
A

Little bit stronger

Stronger than normal bacteria

resistant to some antibiotics

25
Q

Rickettsiaceae

A

Organisms that have both viral and bacterial characteristics:
*Not a bacteria or virus

carried by fleas, ticks, lice
need host nutrients and cell ATP byproducts
Ex. Rocky mountain spotted fever, typhoid fever

26
Q

Chlamydiaceae

A

Organisms that have both viral and bacterial characteristics:

STI
Ocular infection in newborns
Respiratory infections

27
Q

Fungi:

A

Only a few cause serious disease

rqr temp

28
Q

Parasites 3:

  1. Protozoa
A

Unicellular Animals

Transmission:
> host-to-host (sexual)
> Arthropod vector (lice, tick, fleas)
> Contaminated water

Ex. Malaria, dysentery (inflam of intestine causing diarrhea with blood)

29
Q

Parasites 3:

  1. Helminths
A

Wormlike
Roundworms, tapeworms, flukes
Any body organ (or numerous)
Ex. intestinal parasite

Transmission:
> ingested in fertilized ova
> Penetration through skin. (arthropod vector). Getting bitten by tick

30
Q

Parasites 3:

  1. Anthropod
A

Ticks, mosquitoes, flies, mites, scabies, lice, fleas

Transmission:
> clothing/bedding/combs/brushes

Ex. Bubonic plague (fleas, rats: are vector bc they carry the disease)
Epidemic typhus (lice)
31
Q

Infections Portal of Entry

A
  1. Penetration- primary, accidental, medical
  2. Direct contact- Tissue/secretions, congenital
  3. Ingestion- must survive pH, enzymes, peristalsis, normal flora
  4. Inhalation- must survive mucous, cilia, coughing, antibodies, phagocytes
32
Q

Sources of infectious disease refers to:

A

location, host, object, or substance from which the infectious agent was acquired (who, what, where, when)

  1. Endogenous source- have it inside you. opportunistic normal flora
  2. Exogenous source- get it from outside the body.
    » human, fomite (something that carries infectious organism), animal, arthropods (bug), inhalation
  3. Nomocomial- hosp acquired
  4. Community acquired
33
Q

Mechanisms of disease production
Virulence Factors:

  1. Toxins
A

Substances that alter or destroy normal cells

a) Exotoxins- are proteins released from bacteria during growth. Inhibit cellular synthesis

b) Endotoxins- are lipopolysaccharides from cell wall of Gram negative bacteria
- - Induced cytokines, leukocytes, T-Lymphocytes
- -results in increased cap permeability
- -less potent than exotoxins

34
Q

Mechanisms of disease production
Virulence Factors:

  1. Adhesion factors:
A

help infective organisms stick to the body

35
Q

Mechanisms of disease production
Virulence Factors:

  1. Evasive Factors:
A

able to evade host immune system

Ex. H. Pylori

36
Q

Mechanisms of disease production
Virulence Factors:

  1. Invasive factors:
A

products produced by infectious agents to help it move across barriers (ex. cell walls)

37
Q

Disease course:

Stages of any disease

A
  1. Incubation: beginning process
    - -influenced by? portal of entry?, dose, health of host
  2. Prodronal: initial symptoms
  3. Acute: maximum impact of the disease
  4. Convalescent: when you start to get better

Chronic infections have a different course!!!

38
Q

Infection Diagnosis: 3

A
  1. Culture- propagation of microorganisms outside the body with artificial growth media
  2. Serology- study of serum
    - - measure serum antibodies in the diseased host
    - -antibody titer (antibody level) can diagnose the disease.
    - - not as accurate as culture
  3. DNA/RNA sequencing
    - - can recognize what the above cant
39
Q

Treatments:

Antibacterials (antibiotics)

A

–not all antibiotics are effective against pathogenic bacteria

  1. Bactericidal- lethal to bacteria.
    - -produced by other microorganisms as a byproduct of metabolism.
  2. Bacteriostatic- prevent bacteria from replicating. Does not kill the bacteria, it stops it from replicating.
    - -can give meds that will stop the bacteria from growing and give the body a chance to fight it
    - -Ex. Tetracycline, sulpha
  3. Broad Spectrum- G- and G+ bacilli. WE give these when we are not sure which type of bacteria it is.
40
Q

Treatment:

Antibiotics kill bacteria by affecting:

A
  1. cell wall synthesis
  2. Protein synthesis
  3. Nucleic acid synthesis
  4. Bacterial Metabolism
41
Q

Treatment:

Bacteria fight antibiotics back by:

A
  1. inactivating antibiotics by creating enzymes
  2. changing antibiotic binding site
  3. using different metabolic pathways
  4. changing their walls to keep antibiotics out
42
Q

Treatment:

Antiviral agents block:

A
  1. Virus’s DNA/RNA synthesis (replication)
  2. binding to cell
  3. production of protein coat
43
Q

Treatment:

Antifungal agents:

A

Target cell wall as substances are different than normal body cell wall

44
Q

Treatment:

Surgical interventions

A
  1. Drain- tubing
  2. Debridement
  3. Removal- ex. Appendectomy/amputation
  4. REplacement- heart valve

Patho Final (4 decks)

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