Mechanisms of neoplasia 2 Flashcards
What is the name for a benign and malignant glandular tumour?
- Benign= adenoma
- Malignant= adenocarcinoma
What are the pre neoplasic changes?
Hyperplasia: increased number of cells
- Metaplasia: transformation of one cell type into another
- Dysplasia: abnormal tissue growth (messy)
Describe benign tumours
- Well differentiated nature of the mass
- Good demarcation from surrounding tissue
- Low mitotic rate
- Minimal nuclear or cell pleomorphism
- Minimal necrosis
Describe malignant tumours
- High mitotic rate
- High cellularity, not much stroma
- Increased amount of necrosis
- Scirrhous or desmoplastic reaction
- Invasiveness into surrounding tissues
- Increased nuclear/ cellular pleomorphism
- Large and/ or multiple nuclei
Describe the nomenclature process of tumours
-Named based on site of origin, and whether benign or malignant
What does tumour grade indicate?
- How similar/ dissimilar a neoplasm is the normal tissue
- Often evaluate differentiation of tumour cells
- Also looks at number of mitosis, necrosis and invasiveness
What is the TMN system?
- Size of primary tumour (T)(T0-T4)
- Degree of lymph node involvement (N) (N0-N3)
- Extent of metastasis (M) (M0-M1)
In TNM grading what does N1 indicate?
Only regional LN involvement
Describe some of the common haematological syndromes experienced by cancer patients
Anemia= often not serious, caused by chronic disease, bone marrow invasion, immune mediated destruction etc) Thrombocytopenia= leads to abnormal coagulability, common in lymphoproliferative disorders
In which cancers would you expect hyperviscocity syndrome to be an issue?
-Patients with multiple myelomas, lymphoma, leukemia
What is cancer cachexia and what is it’s cause?
- Anorexia, weight loss, fatigue, decreased immune function
- Results from altered carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism
What is a common metabolic and endocrinological syndrome that affects cancer patients?
Hypercalcaemia: many tumours produce PTH related protein. It is serious. life threatening. PTH related protein binds to PTH receptors in bone/ kidneys resulting in bone resorption and renal calcium resorption.
clinical signs: lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, polyuria etc.
What is myasthenia gravis caused by?
autoantibodies directed against cholingeric receptors
What is hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy?
rapid periosteal new bone growth, affects distal limbs.
What is epidermal necrosis?
Ulcerative dermatosis associated with pancreatic and hepatic tumours
