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Microbiology Test 2 > Mechanisms to Make Energy > Flashcards

Flashcards in Mechanisms to Make Energy Deck (13)
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1
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • The Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
  • Takes place in cytoplasm in Euk and Pro
  • Used in many bacteria, but not all
  • Same pathway as Euk
  • Uses substrate level phosphorylation to make ATP
2
Q

Products of Glycolysis

A

2 Pyruvate
2 ATP (4-2)
2 NADH
(per glucose)

3
Q

NAD+

A
  • Electron acceptor
  • Derived from Niacin (vitamin B3)
  • Reduced form: NADH
4
Q

TCA Cycle

A
  • Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
  • Pyruvate –> 3CO2
  • Mitrochondiral Matrix (Euk)
  • Cytoplasm (Pro)
5
Q

Products of TCA Cycle

A
8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
6 CO2
(per glucose)
6
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (Euk)
  • Inner Cell Membrane (Pro)
  • Proteins for ETC are all bound to the inside of the cell membrane (6 proteins)
  • O2 is terminal electron acceptor (usually)
  • Some bacteria use NO3-
7
Q

Products of ETC

A
  • Each NADH makes 3 ATP
  • Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP (lower energy so it donates e- to 2nd protein instead of first)
30 ATP (from NADH)
4 ATP (from FADH2)
(per glucose)

Creates ion gradient with H+ outside of membrane to power ATP synthase

8
Q

Glycolysis + TCA + ETC

A

Total of 38 ATP/glucose

37% efficiency

9
Q

Chemiosmosis

A
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Energy powers a proton pump
  • High [H+] outside of membrane powers ATP synthase to make ATP
  • Cell wall is imperative to maintaining gradient
  • Mycoplasmas have no cell wall - no ETC
10
Q

Anaerobic Conditions

A
  • TCA and ETC will shut down

- Glycolysis will continue to produce a small amount of ATP (2 per glucose) until NAD+ runs out

11
Q

Fermentation

A

2 Types

  • Alcohol fermentation (yeast and some bacteria)
  • Lactic acid fermentation (bacteria and eukaryotic skeletal muscle)
  • Does not make ATP directly
  • Generates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
  • Both are redox reactions
12
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvate + NADH —> —> ethanol + CO2 + NAD+

13
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Pyruvate + NADH —> lactic acid + NAD+

-lactic acid causes muscle pain