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Medical Genomics > Med Genomics > Flashcards

Med Genomics Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

the phosphate group is responsible for the strong ___ charge of the nucleic acid

A

negative

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2
Q

parental double helix divides into two double helix DNA with one parental strand in each of the two double helices

A

semiconservative replication of DNA

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3
Q

describe eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA

A

eukaryotic - very long with multiple origins of replication

prokaryotic - circular with one origin of replication

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4
Q

bind to specific nucleotide sequences at ORIGINS of replication (area usually rich with A&TS) - ATP required - causes double stranded DNA to melt causing strands to separate to form 2 single stranded DNA

A

DnaA protein

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5
Q

also called helix destabilizing proteins; protein that protects DNA from nucleases that cleave the single stranded DNA

A

Single stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB)

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6
Q

binds to single stranded DNA near replication fork and move further into double stranded regions of DNA forcing the strands apart/unwinding the double helix - ATP required

A

DNA helicases

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7
Q

replication of double stranded DNA is ____

A

bidirectional

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8
Q

what results from DNA strand seperation

A

positive supercoiling

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9
Q

what is responsible for removing supercoils in the helix

A

DNA topiosomerases

actions inlcude - nuclease (cut) and ligase (reassemble)

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10
Q

direction of DNA replication

A

reading - 3 –> 5
create - 5 –> 3

reading when your 3 is ok, but creating a fort at 5 sounds more fun

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11
Q

strand that is being copied in the direction of the advancing replication fork is called

A

leading strand - synthesized continuously

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12
Q

strand that is being coped in the direction away from the replication fork is called

A

lagging strand - synthesized discontinuously - ozaki fragments

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13
Q

what are short stretches of discontinuous DNA called

A

ozaki fragments

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14
Q

DNA polymerase 3 has ______ activity (building)

A

5 –> 3 polymerase activity (builds) - antiparallel to parental strand

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15
Q

DNA polymerase 3 has ______ activity (prooofreading)

A

3 –> 5 exonuclease activity (proofreads)

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16
Q

what activity is used to exicse mismatched nucelotides during proofreading of newly synthesized DNA

A

3 –> 5 exonuclease

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17
Q

what is a short double stranded region consisting of RNA base paired to the DNA template

A

RNA primer

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18
Q

what synthesizes the short stretches of RNA (ten nucelotides long) and complementary and antiparallel to DNA template

A

primase (specific RNA polymerase)

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19
Q

DNA polyermase 3 will recognize the ____ and begin to synthesize DNA

A

RNA primer

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20
Q

DNA 3 continues to synthesize DNA on lagging strand until it is blocked by _____; then the answer will be excised and the gap will be filled by ____

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A

RNA primer

DNA polymerase 1

21
Q

As DNA polymerase replaces RNA with DNA in the ___ direction, synthesizes DNA in the ___ direction and proofreading the new strand in ____ direction

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A

replace RNA with DNA - 5 –> 3 exonuclease activity
sythesizing - 5 –> 3 polymerase activity
proofreading - 3 –> 5 exonuclease activity

22
Q

ozaki fragments are joined by what enzyme and bond

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A

DNA ligase - formation of phosphodiester bond

23
Q

a multisubunit enzyme (one subunit has primase acitvity) which INITIATES strand synthesis on the leading strand and beginning of each ozaki fragment on the lagging strand

24
Q

a protein recruited to COMPLETE DNA synthesis on leading strand and elongate each ozaki fragment

25
if didnt work properly it would cause cancer - mitotic clock
telomerase
26
removal of abnormal bases involves what
glycosylase
27
a thymine without the methyl group is what
uracil
28
inherited syndromes with defects in DNA repair - colon cancer - cellular UV sensitivity/ skin cancer
- colon cancer - mismatch repair | - UV sensitivity - nucleotide excision repair *******************
29
where does translation occur
cytosol!! | not nucelus
30
functions of RNA 1,2,3 | creates precursor to what??
1 - large ribosomal RNA 2 - messenger RNA 3 - transfer RNA, small ribosomal RNA
31
mRNA and tRNA are synthesized where? | ribosomal RNA?
mRNA and tRNA - nucleoplasm rRNA - nucleolus
32
what acts over long distances to reduce the level of gene expression
silencers and enhancers
33
tRNA contains what
ACC | bases added
34
explain introns and extrons
introns - intervening sequence | exons - expressive info
35
what forms a splicesome
primary transcript combines with snRNPs fold into complex
36
what disease cause antibodies against snRNPS
systemic lupus erythrematosus
37
what forms the mature mRNA
exons
38
characteristics of genetic code
specificity universality degeneracy non overlapping and commaless
39
when genetic code is redundant where some amino acids have more than one triplet coding for it (ex. arginine)
degeneracy
40
Components required for translation
amino acids atp and gtp protein factors
41
what is required in the last two steps of initiation and translation
GTP
42
translocation - after the petide bond is formed, the ribosome advances three nucelotides toward the 3 end of the ____
mRNA
43
initiation codon aug is recognized by special initiator tRNA that enters the ___
p site
44
formation of peptide bonds is catalyzed by what
peptidyltransferase - found in rRNA 28S found in 60s ribosomal subunit - ribozyme because rRNA catalyzes the reaction
45
termination occurs when the three termination codon moves into the __
a site
46
termination codon is recognized by a _____ that activates and release new peptide
release factor
47
posttranslational modification of polypeptide chains - phosphorylation - glycosylation - hydroxylation - carboxylation
phosphorylation - serine and tyrosine glycosylation - o and n linked hydroxylation - proline, collagen, vit C caboxylation - glutamate and vit K
48
protein degradation
protein tagged for degradation with molecule of ubiquitin ubiquinated proteins are recognized by cytosolic proteasome which unfolds the protein and transports the protein to proteolytic core
49
unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase ...
does not require a primer and has no known endonucleases or exonucleases, therefore cant repair mismatch

Medical Genomics (7 decks)

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