Med Sci Exam

Question 1

Monosaccharide examples

Answer 1

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 2

4 components of digestion

Answer 2

Ingestion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption, elimination.

Question 3

Balanced Diet - components and macronutrient breakdown

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats (macronutrients), vitamins, minerals, fiber, water (micronutrients)

Question 4

Protein functions

Answer 4

Growth, repair, enzymes, hormones, antibodies

Question 5

Macromolecule indicators (from lab)

Answer 5

Benedict’s solution (carbohydrates), Biuret reagent (proteins), Sudan IV (lipids).

Question 6

Cholesterol levels

Answer 6

High levels increase cardiovascular disease risk

Question 7

Types of food additives

Answer 7

Preservatives, colorings, flavor enhancers, stabilizers

Question 8

Saturated vs unsaturated fats

Answer 8

Saturated (solid at room temp, animal sources), unsaturated (liquid at room temp, plant sources).

Question 9

Carbohydrates - general and complex vs simple

Answer 9

Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, fibers. Complex (starches) vs simple (sugars)

Question 10

Lipids

Answer 10

Fats and oils; energy storage, insulation, cell membranes.

Question 11

BMI vs BMR

Answer 11

BMI (Body Mass Index) measures body fat based on height and weight; BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) measures energy expenditure at rest

Question 12

Vitamin deficiencies (main ones)

Answer 12

Vitamin A, B-complex, C, D, E, K

Question 13

Definition of a food calorie

Answer 13

Measure of energy in food

Question 14

First and second lines of defense in immune system

Answer 14

First line (physical barriers like skin, mucous membranes), second line (non-specific immune responses like inflammation, phagocytes).

Question 15

Herd immunity

Answer 15

Resistance to disease within a population due to high vaccination rates.

Question 16

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 16

Ability of bacteria to resist antibiotic treatment

Question 17

Types of disease transmission

Answer 17

Direct (person to person), indirect (via vectors or fomites)

Question 18

Viruses

Answer 18

Infectious agents requiring a host cell for replication.

Question 19

Lytic vs lysogenic cycle

Answer 19

Lytic (immediate host cell destruction), lysogenic (viral DNA integrates into host DNA).

Question 20

Types of vaccines and how they work (general)

Answer 20

Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, mRNA; train immune system to recognize and fight pathogens.

Question 21

Names of bacteria - how to classify based on shapes

Answer 21

Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral-shaped).

Question 22

Bacterial reproduction - asexual vs sexual

Answer 22

Asexual (binary fission), sexual (conjugation).

Question 23

Gram staining

Answer 23

Method to classify bacteria based on cell wall structure.

Question 24

Sterilization techniques

Answer 24

Heat, chemicals, radiation.

Question 25

Horseshoe crab blood uses:

Answer 25

Detecting bacterial endotoxins in medical applications.

Question 26

Antivirals

Answer 26

Drugs that inhibit viral replication.

Question 27

Focus of Public Health

Answer 27

Prevention of disease, promotion of health in populations.

Question 28

HIV

Answer 28

Human Immunodeficiency Virus; causes AIDS.

Question 29

Chronic vs acute diseases

Answer 29

Chronic (long-lasting), acute (short-term).

Question 30

Epidemiology

Answer 30

Study of disease distribution and control in populations.

Question 31

Susceptible populations

Answer 31

Groups vulnerable to disease due to factors like age or health status.

Question 32

Neonatal abstinence syndrome

Answer 32

Withdrawal symptoms in newborns exposed to drugs in utero.

Question 33

Superbugs

Answer 33

Bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics.

Question 34

Drug users in Canada

Answer 34

Issues related to addiction, harm reduction, and public health policies

Question 35

Macro and micro-environmental factors of Public Health

Answer 35

Macro (socioeconomic status, infrastructure), micro (individual behaviors, genetics).

Question 36

Lyme disease

Answer 36

Tick-borne bacterial infection.

Question 37

Vital signs

Answer 37

Measurements of body functions (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, temperature).

Question 38

Homeostasis

Answer 38

Maintenance of internal stability despite external changes.

Question 39

Types of blood cells

Answer 39

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes).

Question 40

Circulatory diseases

Answer 40

Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels.

Question 41

Subcategories of medical technology

Answer 41

Imaging (MRI, CT), diagnostics (blood tests), therapeutic (surgery, radiation therapy).

Question 42

Blood pressure

Answer 42

Force of blood against artery walls; measured as systolic/diastolic

Question 43

Classifications of risk for medical devices

Answer 43

Class I (low risk), Class II (moderate risk), Class III (high risk)

Question 44

Medical imaging devices

Answer 44

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography)

Question 45

Information technology

Answer 45

Use of computers and software in healthcare.

Question 46

Radiology

Answer 46

Medical specialty using imaging to diagnose and treat diseases

Question 47

MRI vs CT scans

Answer 47

MRI (uses magnetic fields and radio waves), CT (uses X-rays); both for imaging internal body structures.

Question 48

RNA and DNA

Answer 48

Nucleic acids; RNA (single-stranded, transcribes genetic info), DNA (double-stranded, stores genetic info).

Question 49

Transcription

Answer 49

Process of copying DNA into RNA

Question 50

Zygote

Answer 50

Fertilized egg formed by union of sperm and egg

Question 51

Biotechnology definition

Answer 51

Use of living organisms or their products in technology or medicine

Question 52

Ethical concerns of biotech

Answer 52

Genetic manipulation, informed consent, environmental impact.

Question 53

Gene therapy

Answer 53

Treatment involving genetic material to treat or prevent disease.

Question 54

Reproductive cloning vs Therapeutic cloning

Answer 54

Reproductive (produces clone of organism), therapeutic (produces embryonic stem cells for research/treatment).

Question 55

Selective breeding:

Answer 55

Breeding of organisms for specific traits.